From: Paul Eggert <eggert@cs.ucla.edu>
Date: Sat, 11 Apr 2015 14:47:25 +0000 (-0700)
Subject: Minor quoting etc. fixes to misc manuals
X-Git-Tag: emacs-25.0.90~2489
X-Git-Url: http://git.eshelyaron.com/gitweb/?a=commitdiff_plain;h=279558f472246dd19864f4175cb1d6061bc1ed92;p=emacs.git

Minor quoting etc. fixes to misc manuals

Fix some minor quoting and spacing issues.  Distinguish more
clearly among grave accent and apostrophe (which are ASCII) and
single quote (which is not).  Prefer the standard terms
"apostrophe" and "grave accent" to alternative names that can be
confusing.  Use apostrophes to single-quote ASCII text.
* doc/misc/remember.texi: Spell the mystic's pseudonym in UTF-8
rather than approximating it in ASCII with grave accent.
---

diff --git a/doc/misc/Makefile.in b/doc/misc/Makefile.in
index e2de06d1636..1f21f829380 100644
--- a/doc/misc/Makefile.in
+++ b/doc/misc/Makefile.in
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 SHELL = @SHELL@
 
 # Where to find the source code.  $(srcdir) will be the doc/misc subdirectory
-# of the source tree.  This is set by configure's `--srcdir' option.
+# of the source tree.  This is set by configure's '--srcdir' option.
 srcdir=@srcdir@
 
 ## Where the output files go.
diff --git a/doc/misc/auth.texi b/doc/misc/auth.texi
index 7a2fd9b2e35..177f7ccada0 100644
--- a/doc/misc/auth.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/auth.texi
@@ -110,11 +110,11 @@ The @code{user} is the user name.  It's known as @var{:user} in
 You can use spaces inside a password or other token by surrounding the
 token with either single or double quotes.
 
-You can use single quotes inside a password or other token by
+You can use apostrophes inside a password or other token by
 surrounding it with double quotes, e.g., @code{"he'llo"}. Similarly you
 can use double quotes inside a password or other token by surrounding
-it with single quotes, e.g., @code{'he"llo'}. You can't mix both (so a
-password or other token can't have both single and double quotes).
+it with apostrophes, e.g., @code{'he"llo'}. You can't mix both (so a
+password or other token can't have both apostrophes and double quotes).
 
 All this is optional. You could just say (but we don't recommend it,
 we're just showing that it's possible)
diff --git a/doc/misc/autotype.texi b/doc/misc/autotype.texi
index 65cbae523ff..51880d8afe9 100644
--- a/doc/misc/autotype.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/autotype.texi
@@ -331,8 +331,9 @@ character is part of a word.  If you want pairing to occur even then, set
 @vindex skeleton-pair-alist
   Pairing is possible for all visible characters.  By default the
 parenthesis @samp{(}, the square bracket @samp{[}, the brace
-@samp{@{}, the pointed bracket @samp{<} and the backquote @samp{`} all
-pair with the symmetrical character.  All other characters pair
+@samp{@{} and the pointed bracket @samp{<} all
+pair with the symmetrical character, and the grave accent @samp{`}
+pairs with the apostrophe @samp{'}.  All other characters pair
 themselves.  This behavior can be modified by the variable
 @code{skeleton-pair-alist}.  This is in fact an alist of skeletons
 (@pxref{Skeleton Language}), with the first part of each sublist
@@ -341,8 +342,8 @@ but since pairs don't need the @code{str} element, this is ignored.
 
   Some modes have bound the command @code{skeleton-pair-insert-maybe}
 to relevant keys.  These modes also configure the pairs as
-appropriate.  For example, when typing english prose, you'd expect the
-backquote (@samp{`}) to pair with the quote (@samp{'}), while in Shell
+appropriate.  For example, when typing @TeX{} input, you'd expect the
+grave accent (@samp{`}) to pair with the apostrophe (@samp{'}), while in Shell
 script mode it must pair to itself.  They can also inhibit pairing in
 certain contexts.  For example an escaped character stands for itself.
 
@@ -626,7 +627,7 @@ See the commentary in @file{tempo.el} for more information on using the
 Tempo package.
 
 @node Hippie Expand
-@chapter `Hippie' Expansion
+@chapter ``Hippie'' Expansion
 
 @findex hippie-expand
 @kindex M-/
diff --git a/doc/misc/calc.texi b/doc/misc/calc.texi
index 74fb50f2e11..84eb274bb49 100644
--- a/doc/misc/calc.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/calc.texi
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@
 
 @c The following macros are used for conditional output for single lines.
 @c @texline foo
-@c    `foo' will appear only in TeX output
+@c    'foo' will appear only in TeX output
 @c @infoline foo
-@c    `foo' will appear only in non-TeX output
+@c    'foo' will appear only in non-TeX output
 
 @c @expr{expr} will typeset an expression;
 @c $x$ in TeX, @samp{x} otherwise.
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ Type @kbd{2 @key{RET} 3 + Q} to compute
 @noindent
 Type @kbd{P 2 ^} to compute
 @texline @math{\pi^2 = 9.86960440109}.
-@infoline the value of `pi' squared, 9.86960440109.
+@infoline the value of @cpi{} squared, 9.86960440109.
 
 @noindent
 Type @key{TAB} to exchange the order of these two results.
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ Type @kbd{' sqrt(2+3) @key{RET}} to compute
 @noindent
 Type @kbd{' pi^2 @key{RET}} to enter
 @texline @math{\pi^2}.
-@infoline `pi' squared.
+@infoline @cpi{} squared.
 To evaluate this symbolic formula as a number, type @kbd{=}.
 
 @noindent
@@ -1241,7 +1241,7 @@ finished in two weeks.
 @c [tutorial]
 
 @ifinfo
-@c This node is accessed by the `C-x * t' command.
+@c This node is accessed by the 'C-x * t' command.
 @node Interactive Tutorial, Tutorial, Getting Started, Top
 @chapter Tutorial
 
@@ -2164,7 +2164,7 @@ the prefix.
 
 One more way to correct an error is by editing the stack entries.
 The actual Stack buffer is marked read-only and must not be edited
-directly, but you can press @kbd{`} (the backquote or accent grave)
+directly, but you can press @kbd{`} (grave accent)
 to edit a stack entry.
 
 Try entering @samp{3.141439} now.  If this is supposed to represent
@@ -2471,7 +2471,7 @@ We don't have enough space here to show all the zeros!  They won't
 fit on a typical screen, either, so you will have to use horizontal
 scrolling to see them all.  Press @kbd{<} and @kbd{>} to scroll the
 stack window left and right by half its width.  Another way to view
-something large is to press @kbd{`} (back-quote) to edit the top of
+something large is to press @kbd{`} (grave accent) to edit the top of
 stack in a separate window.  (Press @kbd{C-c C-c} when you are done.)
 
 You can enter non-decimal numbers using the @kbd{#} symbol, too.
@@ -3658,7 +3658,7 @@ fast!  (But of course if you use @kbd{t .} you will lose the ability
 to get old vectors back using the @kbd{t y} command.)
 
 An easy way to view a full vector when @kbd{v .} mode is active is
-to press @kbd{`} (back-quote) to edit the vector; editing always works
+to press @kbd{`} (grave accent) to edit the vector; editing always works
 with the full, unabbreviated value.
 
 @cindex Least-squares for fitting a straight line
@@ -6012,7 +6012,7 @@ fix, though:
 @end smallexample
 
 @noindent
-When we type @kbd{Z `} (that's a back-quote character), Calc saves
+When we type @kbd{Z `} (that's a grave accent), Calc saves
 its mode settings and the contents of the ten ``quick variables''
 for later reference.  When we type @kbd{Z '} (that's an apostrophe
 now), Calc restores those saved values.  Thus the @kbd{p 4} and
@@ -9042,7 +9042,7 @@ matrix (or other value) to the power @expr{n} in only
 @texline @math{\log_2 n}
 @infoline @expr{log(n,2)}
 steps.  For example, this program can compute the 1000th Fibonacci
-number (a 209-digit integer!) in about 10 steps; even though the
+number (a 209-digit integer!)@: in about 10 steps; even though the
 @kbd{Z < ... Z >} solution had much simpler steps, it would have
 required so many steps that it would not have been practical.
 
@@ -10029,7 +10029,7 @@ this would be to fix a typo, as the full Emacs cursor motion and editing
 keys are available during algebraic entry but not during numeric entry.
 
 In the same vein, during either numeric or algebraic entry you can
-press @kbd{`} (backquote) to switch to @code{calc-edit} mode, where
+press @kbd{`} (grave accent) to switch to @code{calc-edit} mode, where
 you complete your half-finished entry in a separate buffer.
 @xref{Editing Stack Entries}.
 
@@ -10174,7 +10174,7 @@ an ASCII character.
 
 For example, the quoted character @samp{"x"} produces the vector
 result @samp{[120]} (because 120 is the ASCII code of the lower-case
-`x'; @pxref{Strings}).  Since this is a vector, not an integer, it
+``x''; @pxref{Strings}).  Since this is a vector, not an integer, it
 is displayed only according to the current mode settings.  But
 running Quick Calc again and entering @samp{120} will produce the
 result @samp{120 (16#78, 8#170, x)} which shows the number in its
@@ -11871,10 +11871,10 @@ the stack objects at the levels determined by the point and the mark.
 @cindex Editing the stack with Emacs
 The @kbd{`} (@code{calc-edit}) command creates a temporary buffer
 (@file{*Calc Edit*}) for editing the top-of-stack value using regular
-Emacs commands.  Note that @kbd{`} is a backquote, not a quote. With a
-numeric prefix argument, it edits the specified number of stack entries
-at once.  (An argument of zero edits the entire stack; a negative
-argument edits one specific stack entry.)
+Emacs commands.  Note that @kbd{`} is a grave accent, not an apostrophe.
+With a numeric prefix argument, it edits the specified number of stack
+entries at once.  (An argument of zero edits the entire stack; a
+negative argument edits one specific stack entry.)
 
 When you are done editing, press @kbd{C-c C-c} to finish and return
 to Calc.  The @key{RET} and @key{LFD} keys also work to finish most
@@ -13609,11 +13609,11 @@ Weekday:  ``Sunday'' for Sunday.
 @item Iww
 Week number:  ISO 8601 week number, ``W01'' for week 1.
 @item d
-Day of year:  ``34'' for Feb. 3.
+Day of year:  ``34'' for Feb.@: 3.
 @item ddd
-Day of year:  ``034'' for Feb. 3.
+Day of year:  ``034'' for Feb.@: 3.
 @item bdd
-Day of year:  `` 34'' for Feb. 3.
+Day of year:  `` 34'' for Feb.@: 3.
 @item T
 Letter:  Literal ``T''.
 @item h
@@ -19228,7 +19228,7 @@ non-empty sets, respectively.
 The @kbd{k p} (@code{calc-prime-test}) command checks if the integer on
 the top of the stack is prime.  For integers less than eight million, the
 answer is always exact and reasonably fast.  For larger integers, a
-probabilistic method is used (see Knuth vol. II, section 4.5.4, algorithm P).
+probabilistic method is used (see Knuth vol.@: II, section 4.5.4, algorithm P).
 The number is first checked against small prime factors (up to 13).  Then,
 any number of iterations of the algorithm are performed.  Each step either
 discovers that the number is non-prime, or substantially increases the
@@ -31848,7 +31848,7 @@ local variables inside the macro should not affect any variables
 outside the macro.  The @kbd{Z `} (@code{calc-kbd-push}) and @kbd{Z '}
 (@code{calc-kbd-pop}) commands give you both of these capabilities.
 
-When you type @kbd{Z `} (with a backquote or accent grave character),
+When you type @kbd{Z `} (with a grave accent),
 the values of various mode settings are saved away.  The ten ``quick''
 variables @code{q0} through @code{q9} are also saved.  When
 you type @w{@kbd{Z '}} (with an apostrophe), these values are restored.
@@ -34284,7 +34284,7 @@ you can call it again with the same @var{n} to get a greater certainty;
 
 @defun to-simple-fraction f
 If @var{f} is a floating-point number which can be represented exactly
-as a small rational number. return that number, else return @var{f}.
+as a small rational number, return that number, else return @var{f}.
 For example, 0.75 would be converted to 3:4.  This function is very
 fast.
 @end defun
diff --git a/doc/misc/cc-mode.texi b/doc/misc/cc-mode.texi
index 068706a9158..b86df189bd8 100644
--- a/doc/misc/cc-mode.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/cc-mode.texi
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ the second with them pointing to the XEmacs manuals.
 
 @c The following four macros generate the filenames and titles of the
 @c main (X)Emacs manual and the Elisp/Lispref manual.  Leave the
-@c Texinfo variable `XEMACS' unset to generate a GNU Emacs version, set it
+@c Texinfo variable 'XEMACS' unset to generate a GNU Emacs version, set it
 @c to generate an XEmacs version, e.g., with
 @c "makeinfo -DXEMACS cc-mode.texi".
 @ifset XEMACS
@@ -1156,7 +1156,7 @@ When this is enabled (which it normally is), indentation commands such
 as @kbd{C-j} indent lines of code according to their syntactic
 structure.  Otherwise, a line is simply indented to the same level as
 the previous one and @kbd{@key{TAB}} adjusts the indentation in steps
-of `c-basic-offset'.
+of @code{c-basic-offset}.
 @end table
 
 Full details on how these minor modes work are at @ref{Electric Keys},
@@ -2045,7 +2045,7 @@ conflict).
 The value may also be an association list to specify different comment
 styles for different languages.  The symbol for the major mode is then
 looked up in the alist, and the value of that element is interpreted as
-above if found.  If it isn't found then the symbol `other' is looked up
+above if found.  If it isn't found then the symbol @code{other} is looked up
 and its value is used instead.
 
 The default value for @code{c-doc-comment-style} is
@@ -3299,7 +3299,7 @@ only the symbol @code{after}, then the brace hangs on the right side
 of the line, as in:
 
 @example
-// here, open braces always `hang'
+// here, open braces always 'hang'
 void spam( int i ) @{
     if( i == 7 ) @{
         dosomething(i);
@@ -3992,7 +3992,7 @@ Hitting @kbd{C-c C-s} on line 4 gives us:
 @cindex substatement block
 @noindent
 which tells us that this is a brace that @emph{opens} a substatement
-block. @footnote{A @dfn{substatement} is the line after a
+block.@footnote{A @dfn{substatement} is the line after a
 conditional statement, such as @code{if}, @code{else}, @code{while},
 @code{do}, @code{switch}, etc.  A @dfn{substatement
 block} is a brace block following one of these conditional statements.}
@@ -4765,10 +4765,10 @@ covered are illustrated by this C++ example:
  2: const
  3: @{
  4:     /* this line starts a multiline
- 5:      * comment.  This line should get `c' syntax */
+ 5:      * comment.  This line should get 'c' syntax */
  6:
  7:     char* a_multiline_string = "This line starts a multiline \
- 8: string.  This line should get `string' syntax.";
+ 8: string.  This line should get 'string' syntax.";
  9:
 10:   note:
 11:     @{
@@ -7174,7 +7174,7 @@ Emacs Lisp code that triggers the bug and include it in your report.
 
 @cindex bug report mailing list
 Bug reports should be sent to @email{bug-cc-mode@@gnu.org}.  You can
-also send other questions and suggestions (kudos? @t{;-)} to that
+also send other questions and suggestions (kudos?@: @t{;-)} to that
 address.  It's a mailing list which you can join or browse an archive
 of; see the web site at @uref{http://cc-mode.sourceforge.net/} for
 further details.
diff --git a/doc/misc/cl.texi b/doc/misc/cl.texi
index c6076babacd..00e47b9f742 100644
--- a/doc/misc/cl.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/cl.texi
@@ -570,20 +570,20 @@ When @file{foo.el} is compiled, these variables will be set during
 the compilation itself:
 
 @example
-foo1  foo3  foo5  foo7      ; `compile'
+foo1  foo3  foo5  foo7      ; 'compile'
 @end example
 
 When @file{foo.elc} is loaded, these variables will be set:
 
 @example
-foo2  foo3  foo6  foo7      ; `load'
+foo2  foo3  foo6  foo7      ; 'load'
 @end example
 
 And if @file{foo.el} is loaded uncompiled, these variables will
 be set:
 
 @example
-foo4  foo5  foo6  foo7      ; `eval'
+foo4  foo5  foo6  foo7      ; 'eval'
 @end example
 
 If these seven @code{cl-eval-when}s had been, say, inside a @code{defun},
@@ -978,7 +978,7 @@ a
 The generalized variable @code{buffer-substring}, listed above,
 also works in this way by replacing a portion of the current buffer.
 
-@c FIXME?  Also `eq'? (see cl-lib.el)
+@c FIXME?  Also 'eq'? (see cl-lib.el)
 
 @c Currently commented out in cl.el.
 @ignore
diff --git a/doc/misc/ebrowse.texi b/doc/misc/ebrowse.texi
index 943b98df96f..1b240079b70 100644
--- a/doc/misc/ebrowse.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/ebrowse.texi
@@ -973,7 +973,7 @@ displayed in the member buffer.
 @cindex @code{public} members
 @item F a u
 This command toggles the display of @code{public} members.  The
-@samp{a} stands for `access'.
+@samp{a} stands for ``access''.
 
 @cindex @code{protected} members
 @item F a o
diff --git a/doc/misc/ede.texi b/doc/misc/ede.texi
index ecf1d0380c8..dfe22b7b054 100644
--- a/doc/misc/ede.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/ede.texi
@@ -868,7 +868,7 @@ It would look like this:
 
 (defun MY-ROOT-FCN ()
   "Return the root fcn for `default-directory'"
-  ;; You might be able to use `ede-cpp-root-project-root'
+  ;; You might be able to use 'ede-cpp-root-project-root'
   ;; and not write this at all.
   )
 
@@ -1856,7 +1856,7 @@ Preprocessor symbols will be used while parsing your files.
 These macros might be passed in through the command line compiler, or
 are critical symbols derived from header files.  Providing header files
 macro values through this slot improves accuracy and performance.
-Use `:spp-files' to use these files directly.
+Use @code{:spp-files} to use these files directly.
 
 @item :spp-files
 Type: @code{list} @*
@@ -2799,7 +2799,7 @@ Default Value: @code{t}
 
 Non @code{nil} means the rule created is part of the all target.
 Setting this to @code{nil} creates the rule to build this item, but does not
-include it in the ALL`all:' rule.
+include it in the @code{all:} rule.
 
 @item :configuration-variables
 Type: @code{list} @*
@@ -3457,7 +3457,7 @@ Return the variable name for @var{THIS}'s sources.
 
 @deffn Method ede-proj-makefile-insert-dist-dependencies :AFTER this
 Insert any symbols that the DIST rule should depend on.
-Texinfo files want to insert generated `.info' files.
+Texinfo files want to insert generated @file{.info} files.
 Argument @var{THIS} is the target which needs to insert an info file.
 @end deffn
 
@@ -3473,7 +3473,7 @@ files in the project.
 
 @deffn Method ede-proj-makefile-insert-dist-filepatterns :AFTER this
 Insert any symbols that the DIST rule should depend on.
-Texinfo files want to insert generated `.info' files.
+Texinfo files want to insert generated @file{.info} files.
 Argument @var{THIS} is the target which needs to insert an info file.
 @end deffn
 
diff --git a/doc/misc/ediff.texi b/doc/misc/ediff.texi
index 36c6ae24b12..de54f288146 100644
--- a/doc/misc/ediff.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/ediff.texi
@@ -556,9 +556,9 @@ Makes the next difference region current.
 @kindex j
 Makes the very first difference region current.
 
-@kbd{-j} makes the last region current.  Typing a number, N, and then `j'
+@kbd{-j} makes the last region current.  Typing a number, N, and then @kbd{j}
 makes the difference region N current.  Typing @minus{}N (a negative number) then
-`j' makes current the region Last @minus{} N.
+@kbd{j} makes current the region Last @minus{} N.
 
 @item ga
 @kindex ga
@@ -615,8 +615,8 @@ no longer current, due to user editing.
 @item m
 @kindex m
 Displays the current Ediff session in a frame as wide as the physical
-display.  This is useful when comparing files side-by-side.  Typing `m' again
-restores the original size of the frame.
+display.  This is useful when comparing files side-by-side.
+Typing @kbd{m} again restores the original size of the frame.
 
 @item |
 @kindex |
@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ Tell Ediff to skip over regions that disagree among themselves only in the
 amount of white space and line breaks.
 
 Even though such regions will be skipped over, you can still jump to any
-one of them by typing the region number and then `j'.  Typing @kbd{##}
+one of them by typing the region number and then @kbd{j}.  Typing @kbd{##}
 again puts Ediff back in the original state.
 
 @item #c
@@ -695,7 +695,8 @@ and @code{ediff-ignore-case}, which are explained elsewhere.
 Ediff works hard to ameliorate the effects of boredom in the workplace...
 
 Quite often differences are due to identical replacements (e.g., the word
-`foo' is replaced with the word `bar' everywhere).  If the number of regions
+``foo'' is replaced with the word ``bar'' everywhere).  If the number
+of regions
 with such boring differences exceeds your tolerance threshold, you may be
 tempted to tell Ediff to skip these regions altogether (you will still be able
 to jump to them via the command @kbd{j}).  The above commands, @kbd{#h}
@@ -750,7 +751,7 @@ You can then restart any of these sessions by either clicking on a session
 record or by putting the cursor over it and then typing the return key.
 
 (Some poor souls leave so many active Ediff sessions around that they lose
-track of them completely...  The `R' command is designed to save these
+track of them completely...  The @kbd{R} command is designed to save these
 people from the recently discovered Ediff Proficiency Syndrome.)
 
 Typing @kbd{R} brings up Ediff Registry only if it is typed into an Ediff
@@ -800,8 +801,8 @@ is that this difference region in buffer A is as old as that in the
 ancestor buffer, so the contents of that region in buffer B represents real
 change.
 
-You may want to ignore such `obvious' merges and concentrate on difference
-regions where both files `clash' with the ancestor, since this means that
+You may want to ignore such ``obvious'' merges and concentrate on difference
+regions where both files ``clash'' with the ancestor, since this means that
 two different people have been changing this region independently and they
 had different ideas on how to do this.
 
@@ -818,10 +819,10 @@ precisely this.
 
 To be more precise, this toggles the check for whether the current merge is
 identical to its default setting, as originally decided by Ediff.  For
-instance, if Ediff is merging according to the `combined' policy, then the
+instance, if Ediff is merging according to the ``combined'' policy, then the
 merge region is skipped over if it is different from the combination of the
 regions in buffers A and B@.  (Warning: swapping buffers A and B will confuse
-things in this respect.)  If the merge region is marked as `prefer-A' then
+things in this respect.)  If the merge region is marked as ``prefer-A'' then
 this region will be skipped if it differs from the current difference
 region in buffer A, etc.
 
@@ -851,7 +852,7 @@ corresponding region from buffer B.
 @item s
 @kindex s
 Causes the merge window shrink to its minimum size, thereby exposing as much
-of the variant buffers as possible.  Typing `s' again restores
+of the variant buffers as possible.  Typing @kbd{s} again restores
 the original size of that window.
 
 With a positive prefix argument, this command enlarges the merge window.
@@ -1164,7 +1165,7 @@ customization and faces) can be done by putting appropriate lines in
 @file{.Xdefaults}, @file{.xrdb}, or whatever X resource file is in use.
 
 With respect to the latter, please note that the X resource
-for Ediff customization is `Ediff', @emph{not} `emacs'.
+for Ediff customization is ``Ediff'', @emph{not} ``emacs''.
 @xref{Window and Frame Configuration},
 @xref{Highlighting Difference Regions}, for further details.  Please also
 refer to Emacs manual for the information on how to set Emacs X resources.
@@ -1510,7 +1511,7 @@ We shall call these regular expressions @var{regexp-A}, @var{regexp-B} and
 @var{regexp-C}.
 Ediff will then start stepping through only those difference regions
 where the region in buffer A matches @var{regexp-A} and/or the region in
-buffer B matches @var{regexp-B}, etc.  Whether `and' or `or' will be used
+buffer B matches @var{regexp-B}, etc.  Whether ``and'' or ``or'' will be used
 depends on how you respond to a question.
 
 When scanning difference regions for the aforesaid regular expressions,
@@ -1888,10 +1889,11 @@ Otherwise, you may have to tune the values of the variables
 @item ediff-patch-options
 Options to pass to @code{ediff-patch-program}.
 
-Note: the `-b' and `-z' options should be specified in
-`ediff-backup-specs', not in @code{ediff-patch-options}.
+Note: the @option{-b} and @option{-z} options should be specified in
+@code{ediff-backup-specs}, not in @code{ediff-patch-options}.
 
-It is recommended to pass the `-f' option to the patch program, so it won't
+It is recommended to pass the @option{-f} option to the patch program,
+so it won't
 ask questions.  However, some implementations don't accept this option, in
 which case the default value of this variable should be changed.
 
@@ -1901,19 +1903,23 @@ Backup extension used by the patch program.  Must be specified, even if
 @item ediff-backup-specs
 Backup directives to pass to the patch program.
 Ediff requires that the old version of the file (before applying the patch)
-is saved in a file named @file{the-patch-file.extension}.  Usually
-`extension' is `.orig', but this can be changed by the user, and may also be
+is saved in a file named @file{the-patch-file.@var{extension}}.
+Usually @var{extension} is @file{.orig}, but this can be changed by
+the user, and may also be
 system-dependent.  Therefore, Ediff needs to know the backup extension used
 by the patch program.
 
-Some versions of the patch program let the user specify `-b backup-extension'.
-Other versions only permit `-b', which (usually) assumes the extension `.orig'.
-Yet others force you to use `-z<backup-extension>'.
+Some versions of the patch program let the user specify @option{-b
+@var{extension}} to specify a backup file name extension.  Other
+versions only permit @option{-b}, which (usually) assumes the
+extension @file{.orig}.  Yet others force you to use
+@option{-z@var{extension}}.
 
-Note that both `ediff-backup-extension' and `ediff-backup-specs' must be
-properly set.  If your patch program takes the option `-b', but not
-`-b extension', the variable `ediff-backup-extension' must still
-be set so Ediff will know which extension to use.
+Both @code{ediff-backup-extension} and @var{ediff-backup-specs} must
+be properly set.  If your patch program takes the option @option{-b},
+but not @option{-b @var{extension}}, the variable
+@code{ediff-backup-extension} must still be set so Ediff will know
+which extension to use.
 
 @item ediff-custom-diff-program
 @itemx ediff-custom-diff-options
@@ -2105,7 +2111,7 @@ typing @kbd{s}.  This change is temporary, until Ediff finds a reason to
 redraw the screen.  Typing @kbd{s} again restores the original window size.
 
 With a positive prefix argument, the @kbd{s} command will make the merge
-window slightly taller.  This change is persistent.  With `@kbd{-}' or
+window slightly taller.  This change is persistent.  With ``@kbd{-}'' or
 with a negative prefix argument, the command @kbd{s} makes the merge
 window slightly shorter.  This change also persistent.
 
diff --git a/doc/misc/edt.texi b/doc/misc/edt.texi
index aa0ef63e1d7..c72aca27ef9 100644
--- a/doc/misc/edt.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/edt.texi
@@ -710,7 +710,7 @@ functions are bound to @key{F7}, @key{F8}, @kbd{GOLD-F8}, @key{F9},
 
 @item
 The original EDT emulation package set up many default regular and GOLD
-bindings.  We tried to preserve most (but not all!) of these, so users
+bindings.  We tried to preserve most (but not all!)@: of these, so users
 of the original emulation package will feel more at home.
 
 Nevertheless, there are still many GOLD key sequences which are not
diff --git a/doc/misc/efaq-w32.texi b/doc/misc/efaq-w32.texi
index ab5eb066918..566a6d75886 100644
--- a/doc/misc/efaq-w32.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/efaq-w32.texi
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Copyright @copyright{} 2008, 2010-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 @quotation
 This list of frequently asked questions about GNU Emacs on MS Windows
 with answers (``FAQ'') may be translated into other languages,
-transformed into other formats (e.g. Texinfo, Info, WWW), and updated
+transformed into other formats (e.g., Texinfo, Info, WWW), and updated
 with new information.
 
 The same conditions apply to any derivative of the FAQ as apply to the FAQ
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ Subject: Re: Re[2]: problem with caps/ctrl swap on NT 4.0
 @smallexample
 It's a binary value that lets you map keystrokes in the low-level keyboard
 drivers in NT.  As a result you don't have to worry about applications
-bypassing mappings that you've done at a higher level (i.e. it just works).
+bypassing mappings that you've done at a higher level (i.e., it just works).
 
 Here's the format of the value:
 
@@ -674,7 +674,7 @@ The minor mode @code{transient-mark-mode} changes the behavior of
 the mark in two ways.  First, it distinguishes between an active mark
 that has just been defined or reactivated, and an inactive mark.  When
 the mark is active, some commands that normally act on lines, words,
-buffers etc. will instead act on the region.  An inactive mark needs
+buffers, etc., will instead act on the region.  An inactive mark needs
 to be reactivated to operate on it, unless @code{mark-even-if-inactive}
 is set.  Secondly, @code{transient-mark-mode} also highlights the
 region when it is active, providing the same visual clue that you get
@@ -2029,8 +2029,8 @@ select it.  For arguments, use @option{+$(CurLine)}
 (the quotes around FilePath handle paths with spaces in them). Set the
 Menu Text to say "Em&acs". The @option{+$(CurLine)} will set point in
 Emacs to the same line as the cursor position in VC++. The ampersand
-in the word @code{Em&acs} allows you to select emacs from the keyboard. (E
-is already used for the OLE control test container.)
+in the word @code{Em&acs} allows you to select emacs from the keyboard.
+(E is already used for the OLE control test container.)
 
 You should now be able to go to any source file in your project. Then,
 use the pull-down menu @code{Tools->Emacs}. The active file in your
diff --git a/doc/misc/efaq.texi b/doc/misc/efaq.texi
index cdf944041b6..9fc8cfcd33c 100644
--- a/doc/misc/efaq.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/efaq.texi
@@ -3670,7 +3670,7 @@ for deleting the previous character outside of Emacs.  On many Unix
 systems, this command will remap @key{DEL}:
 
 @example
-stty erase `^?'
+stty erase '^?'
 @end example
 
 @item
@@ -3766,8 +3766,8 @@ You can swap two keys (or key sequences) by using the
 into @key{DEL} and @key{DEL} to @kbd{C-h}, use
 
 @lisp
-(keyboard-translate ?\C-h ?\C-?)  ; translate `C-h' to DEL
-(keyboard-translate ?\C-? ?\C-h)  ; translate DEL to `C-h'.
+(keyboard-translate ?\C-h ?\C-?)  ; translate 'C-h' to DEL
+(keyboard-translate ?\C-? ?\C-h)  ; translate DEL to 'C-h'.
 @end lisp
 
 @noindent
diff --git a/doc/misc/eieio.texi b/doc/misc/eieio.texi
index f17fd31a7f2..fe0b3265e84 100644
--- a/doc/misc/eieio.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/eieio.texi
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ first argument, and this one must be an @eieio{} type.
 @item Support for metaclasses
 There is just one default metaclass, @code{eieio-default-superclass},
 and you cannot define your own.  The @code{:metaclass} tag in
-@code{defclass} is ignored.  Also, functions like `find-class', which
+@code{defclass} is ignored.  Also, functions like @code{find-class}, which
 should return instances of the metaclass, behave differently in
 @eieio{} in that they return symbols or plain structures instead.
 
diff --git a/doc/misc/erc.texi b/doc/misc/erc.texi
index 3a86e1ba1ad..9cdfe7702e5 100644
--- a/doc/misc/erc.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/erc.texi
@@ -266,54 +266,54 @@ This is a summary of keystrokes available in every ERC buffer.
 
 @table @kbd
 
-@item C-a or <home> (`erc-bol')
+@item C-a or <home> (@code{erc-bol})
 Go to beginning of line or end of prompt.
 
-@item RET (`erc-send-current-line')
+@item RET (@code{erc-send-current-line})
 Send the current line
 
-@item TAB (`erc-complete-word')
+@item TAB (@code{erc-complete-word})
 If at prompt, complete the current word.
 Otherwise, move to the next link or button.
 
-@item M-TAB (`ispell-complete-word')
+@item M-TAB (@code{ispell-complete-word})
 Complete the given word, using ispell.
 
-@item C-c C-a (`erc-bol')
+@item C-c C-a (@code{erc-bol})
 Go to beginning of line or end of prompt.
 
-@item C-c C-b (`erc-iswitchb')
-Use `iswitchb-read-buffer' to prompt for a ERC buffer to switch to.
+@item C-c C-b (@code{erc-iswitchb})
+Use @code{iswitchb-read-buffer} to prompt for a ERC buffer to switch to.
 
-@item C-c C-c (`erc-toggle-interpret-controls')
+@item C-c C-c (@code{erc-toggle-interpret-controls})
 Toggle interpretation of control sequences in messages.
 
-@item C-c C-d (`erc-input-action')
+@item C-c C-d (@code{erc-input-action})
 Interactively input a user action and send it to IRC.
 
-@item C-c C-e (`erc-toggle-ctcp-autoresponse')
+@item C-c C-e (@code{erc-toggle-ctcp-autoresponse})
 Toggle automatic CTCP replies (like VERSION and PING).
 
-@item C-c C-f (`erc-toggle-flood-control')
+@item C-c C-f (@code{erc-toggle-flood-control})
 Toggle use of flood control on sent messages.
 
-@item C-c TAB (`erc-invite-only-mode')
+@item C-c TAB (@code{erc-invite-only-mode})
 Turn on the invite only mode (+i) for the current channel.
 
-@item C-c C-j (`erc-join-channel')
+@item C-c C-j (@code{erc-join-channel})
 Join channel.  If point is at the beginning of a channel name, use that
 as default.
 
-@item C-c C-k (`erc-go-to-log-matches-buffer')
+@item C-c C-k (@code{erc-go-to-log-matches-buffer})
 Interactively open an erc-log-matches buffer
 
-@item C-c C-l (`erc-save-buffer-in-logs')
+@item C-c C-l (@code{erc-save-buffer-in-logs})
 Append buffer contents to the log file, if logging is enabled.
 
-@item C-c C-n (`erc-channel-names')
+@item C-c C-n (@code{erc-channel-names})
 Run "/names #channel" in the current channel.
 
-@item C-c C-o (`erc-get-channel-mode-from-keypress')
+@item C-c C-o (@code{erc-get-channel-mode-from-keypress})
 Read a key sequence and call the corresponding channel mode function.
 After doing @kbd{C-c C-o}, type in a channel mode letter.
 
@@ -321,22 +321,22 @@ After doing @kbd{C-c C-o}, type in a channel mode letter.
 @kbd{RET} lets you type more than one mode at a time.
 If @kbd{l} is pressed, @code{erc-set-channel-limit} gets called.
 If @kbd{k} is pressed, @code{erc-set-channel-key} gets called.
-Anything else will be sent to `erc-toggle-channel-mode'.
+Anything else will be sent to @code{erc-toggle-channel-mode}.
 
-@item C-c C-p (`erc-part-from-channel')
+@item C-c C-p (@code{erc-part-from-channel})
 Part from the current channel and prompt for a reason.
 
-@item C-c C-q (`erc-quit-server')
+@item C-c C-q (@code{erc-quit-server})
 Disconnect from current server after prompting for reason.
 
-@item C-c C-r (`erc-remove-text-properties-region')
+@item C-c C-r (@code{erc-remove-text-properties-region})
 Clears the region (start,end) in object from all colors, etc.
 
-@item C-c C-t (`erc-set-topic')
+@item C-c C-t (@code{erc-set-topic})
 Prompt for a topic for the current channel.
 
-@item C-c C-u (`erc-kill-input')
-Kill current input line using `erc-bol' followed by `kill-line'.
+@item C-c C-u (@code{erc-kill-input})
+Kill current input line using @code{erc-bol} followed by @code{kill-line}.
 
 @end table
 
diff --git a/doc/misc/ert.texi b/doc/misc/ert.texi
index 51e9586991a..710ebbba454 100644
--- a/doc/misc/ert.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/ert.texi
@@ -822,7 +822,7 @@ functions.
 
 While fixtures are a useful syntactic simplification in other
 languages, this does not apply to Lisp, where higher-order functions
-and `unwind-protect' are available.  One way to implement and use a
+and @code{unwind-protect} are available.  One way to implement and use a
 fixture in ERT is
 
 @lisp
@@ -851,7 +851,7 @@ be added but would provide only a minor simplification.
 
 (If you are interested in such syntax, note that splitting set-up and
 tear-down into separate functions, like *Unit tools usually do, makes
-it impossible to establish dynamic `let' bindings as part of the
+it impossible to establish dynamic @code{let} bindings as part of the
 fixture.  So, blindly imitating the way fixtures are implemented in
 other languages would be counter-productive in Lisp.)
 
diff --git a/doc/misc/eshell.texi b/doc/misc/eshell.texi
index 4ed894e5a4c..beaa24a17db 100644
--- a/doc/misc/eshell.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/eshell.texi
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ need to use a function that takes some other data type, you will need to
 call it in an Elisp expression (which can also be used with
 @ref{Expansion, expansions}).  As with other shells, you can
 escape special characters and spaces with the backslash (@code{\}) and
-the single (@code{''}) and double (@code{""}) quotes.
+apostrophes (@code{''}) and double quotes (@code{""}).
 
 @node Built-ins
 
@@ -1146,7 +1146,7 @@ auto-revert mode in that buffer at frequent intervals---and a
 
 @item Make @command{dgrep} load @code{dired}, mark everything, then invoke @code{dired-do-search}
 
-@item Write mesh.c
+@item Write @file{mesh.c}
 
 This would run Emacs with the appropriate arguments to invoke Eshell
 only.  That way, it could be listed as a login shell.
@@ -1155,7 +1155,8 @@ only.  That way, it could be listed as a login shell.
 
 @item Auto-detect when a command is visual, by checking @code{TERMCAP} usage
 
-@item The first keypress after @kbd{M-x watson} triggers `eshell-send-input'
+@item The first keypress after @kbd{M-x watson} triggers
+@code{eshell-send-input}
 
 @item Make @kbd{/} electric
 
diff --git a/doc/misc/eudc.texi b/doc/misc/eudc.texi
index 76a25c1a33e..7ab444c0157 100644
--- a/doc/misc/eudc.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/eudc.texi
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ may be specified by appending a colon and a number to the name of the
 server. You will not need this unless your server runs on a port other
 than the default (which depends on the protocol).
 If the directory server resides on your own computer (which is the case
-if you use the BBDB back end) then `localhost' is a reasonable value but
+if you use the BBDB back end) then @samp{localhost} is a reasonable value but
 it will be ignored anyway.
 @end defvar
 
@@ -829,11 +829,11 @@ trying to perform an inline query.  Possible values are:
 Only the current directory server is tried
 @item hotlist
 The servers in the hotlist are tried in order until one finds a match
-for the query or `eudc-max-servers-to-query' is reached
+for the query or @code{eudc-max-servers-to-query} is reached
 @item server-then-hotlist
 The current server then the servers in the hotlist are tried in the
 order they appear in the hotlist until one of them finds a match or
-`eudc-max-servers-to-query' is reached.  This is the default.
+@code{eudc-max-servers-to-query} is reached.  This is the default.
 @end table
 @end defvar
 
diff --git a/doc/misc/forms.texi b/doc/misc/forms.texi
index 433009c8719..ab284bd99bc 100644
--- a/doc/misc/forms.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/forms.texi
@@ -854,7 +854,7 @@ number of records actually present in the data file.
 @item Problem saving buffers?
 An error occurred while saving the data file buffer. Most likely, Emacs
 did ask to confirm deleting the buffer because it had been modified, and
-you said `no'.
+you said ``no''.
 @end table
 
 @node Long Example
diff --git a/doc/misc/gnus-faq.texi b/doc/misc/gnus-faq.texi
index 8eb7c771ab7..8126827ffbd 100644
--- a/doc/misc/gnus-faq.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/gnus-faq.texi
@@ -1112,7 +1112,7 @@ resulting in:
 :O  \->  ...                                      | 115 |Raymond Scholz       | 1:24
 :O    \->  ...                                    |  19 |Lars Magne Ingebrigt |15:33
 :O     Slow mailing list                          |  13 |Lars Magne Ingebrigt |Sat 23:49
-:O     Re: `@@' mark not documented                |  13 |Lars Magne Ingebrigt |Sat 23:50
+:O     Re: '@@' mark not documented                |  13 |Lars Magne Ingebrigt |Sat 23:50
 :R  >  Re: Gnus still doesn't count messages prope|  23 |Lars Magne Ingebrigt |Sat 23:57
 :O  \->  ...                                      |  18 |Kai Grossjohann      | 0:35
 :O    \->  ...                                    |  13 |Lars Magne Ingebrigt | 0:56
@@ -1501,7 +1501,7 @@ entries. Say @samp{c} to create a new
 entry, @samp{b} to search your BBDB and
 @samp{C-o} to add a new field to an
 entry. If you want to add a sender to the BBDB you can
-also just hit `:' on the posting in the summary buffer and
+also just hit @kbd{:} on the posting in the summary buffer and
 you are done. When you now compose a new mail,
 hit @samp{TAB} to cycle through know
 recipients.
diff --git a/doc/misc/gnus-news.el b/doc/misc/gnus-news.el
index 81986f2dd24..ba8a4631261 100644
--- a/doc/misc/gnus-news.el
+++ b/doc/misc/gnus-news.el
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ paragraph-separate: \"[ 	]*$\"\nend:\n")
 	 (infile (concat dir infile))
 	 (buffer (find-file-noselect (concat dir outfile))))
     (with-temp-buffer
-      ;; Could be done using `texinfmt' stuff as in `infohack.el'.
+      ;; Could be done using 'texinfmt' stuff as in 'infohack.el'.
       (insert
        (shell-command-to-string
 	(concat gnus-news-makeinfo-command " "
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ paragraph-separate: \"[ 	]*$\"\nend:\n")
       (save-excursion
 	(while (re-search-forward "^     " nil t)
 	  (replace-match "")))
-      ;; Avoid `*' from @ref at beginning of line:
+      ;; Avoid '*' from @ref at beginning of line:
       (save-excursion
 	(while (re-search-forward "^\\*Note" nil t)
 	  (replace-match " \\&")))
diff --git a/doc/misc/gnus-news.texi b/doc/misc/gnus-news.texi
index c5b96e740cc..ef6573fc73e 100644
--- a/doc/misc/gnus-news.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/gnus-news.texi
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@
 @c    carry prominent notices stating who last changed them.
 
 @c This file contains a list of news features Gnus.  It is supposed to be
-@c included in `gnus.texi'.  `GNUS-NEWS' is automatically generated from
-@c this file (see `gnus-news.el').
+@c included in 'gnus.texi'.  'GNUS-NEWS' is automatically generated from
+@c this file (see 'gnus-news.el').
 
 @itemize @bullet
 
diff --git a/doc/misc/gnus.texi b/doc/misc/gnus.texi
index ed4d1a58f79..97e56e19cc0 100644
--- a/doc/misc/gnus.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/gnus.texi
@@ -11913,8 +11913,8 @@ controlling variable is a predicate list, as described above.
 
 @ifinfo
 @c Avoid sort of redundant entries in the same section for the printed
-@c manual, but add them in info to allow `i gnus-treat-foo-bar RET' or
-@c `i foo-bar'.
+@c manual, but add them in info to allow 'i gnus-treat-foo-bar RET' or
+@c 'i foo-bar'.
 @vindex gnus-treat-buttonize
 @vindex gnus-treat-buttonize-head
 @vindex gnus-treat-capitalize-sentences
@@ -14987,7 +14987,7 @@ this means @samp{gssapi}, @samp{kerberos4}, @samp{digest-md5},
 @samp{cram-md5}, @samp{anonymous} or the default @samp{login}.
 
 @item :program
-When using the `shell' :stream, the contents of this variable is
+When using the @samp{shell} :stream, the contents of this variable is
 mapped into the @code{imap-shell-program} variable.  This should be a
 @code{format}-like string (or list of strings).  Here's an example:
 
@@ -17768,7 +17768,7 @@ So you send a ``reminder'' message (actually, a diary one) to yourself.
 @item
 You forget all about it and keep on getting and reading new mail, as usual.
 @item
-From time to time, as you type `g' in the group buffer and as the date
+From time to time, as you type @kbd{g} in the group buffer and as the date
 is getting closer, the message will pop up again to remind you of your
 appointment, just as if it were new and unread.
 @item
@@ -19648,7 +19648,7 @@ Immediately scoring.
 @end table
 
 @item
-If you are scoring on `e' (extra) headers, you will then be prompted for
+If you are scoring on @samp{e} (extra) headers, you will then be prompted for
 the header name on which you wish to score.  This must be a header named
 in gnus-extra-headers, and @samp{TAB} completion is available.
 
@@ -21354,8 +21354,8 @@ variable.
 
 To work correctly the @code{nnir-namazu-remove-prefix} variable must
 also be correct.  This is the prefix to remove from each file name
-returned by Namazu in order to get a proper group name (albeit with `/'
-instead of `.').
+returned by Namazu in order to get a proper group name (albeit with @samp{/}
+instead of @samp{.}).
 
 For example, suppose that Namazu returns file names such as
 @samp{/home/john/Mail/mail/misc/42}.  For this example, use the
@@ -21368,18 +21368,20 @@ correct group name @samp{mail.misc}.
 Extra switches may be passed to the namazu search command by setting the
 variable @code{nnir-namazu-additional-switches}.  It is particularly
 important not to pass any any switches to namazu that will change the
-output format.  Good switches to use include `--sort', `--ascending',
-`--early' and `--late'.  Refer to the Namazu documentation for further
+output format.  Good switches to use include @option{--sort},
+@option{--ascending}, @option{--early} and @option{--late}.
+Refer to the Namazu documentation for further
 information on valid switches.
 
-Mail must first be indexed  with the `mknmz' program.  Read the documentation
-for namazu to create a configuration file.  Here is an example:
+Mail must first be indexed with the @command{mknmz} program.  Read the
+documentation for namazu to create a configuration file.  Here is an
+example:
 
 @cartouche
 @example
  package conf;  # Don't remove this line!
 
- # Paths which will not be indexed. Don't use `^' or `$' anchors.
+ # Paths which will not be indexed. Don't use '^' or '$' anchors.
  $EXCLUDE_PATH = "spam|sent";
 
  # Header fields which should be searchable. case-insensitive
@@ -21451,7 +21453,7 @@ when searching all groups on a server.
 
 @item nnir-summary-line-format
 The format specification to be used for lines in an nnir summary buffer.
-All the items from `gnus-summary-line-format' are available, along with
+All the items from @code{gnus-summary-line-format} are available, along with
 three items unique to nnir summary buffers:
 
 @example
@@ -21465,7 +21467,7 @@ If @code{nil} (the default) this will use @code{gnus-summary-line-format}.
 @item nnir-retrieve-headers-override-function
 If non-@code{nil}, a function that retrieves article headers rather than using
 the gnus built-in function.  This function takes an article list and
-group as arguments and populates the `nntp-server-buffer' with the
+group as arguments and populates the @code{nntp-server-buffer} with the
 retrieved headers.  It should then return either 'nov or 'headers
 indicating the retrieved header format.  Failure to retrieve headers
 should return @code{nil}.
@@ -26124,10 +26126,10 @@ their @code{:char} property, or showing the marks as full strings.
 
 @lisp
 ;; show the marks as single characters (see the :char property in
-;; `gnus-registry-marks'):
+;; 'gnus-registry-marks'):
 ;; (defalias 'gnus-user-format-function-M 'gnus-registry-article-marks-to-chars)
 
-;; show the marks by name (see `gnus-registry-marks'):
+;; show the marks by name (see 'gnus-registry-marks'):
 ;; (defalias 'gnus-user-format-function-M 'gnus-registry-article-marks-to-names)
 @end lisp
 
@@ -27817,7 +27819,7 @@ As a result of the following change, the @file{~/News/overview/}
 directory is not used any more.  You can safely delete the entire
 hierarchy.
 
-@c FIXME: `gnus-load' is mentioned in README, which is not included in
+@c FIXME: 'gnus-load' is mentioned in README, which is not included in
 @c the repository.  We should find a better place for this item.
 @item
 @code{(require 'gnus-load)}
diff --git a/doc/misc/idlwave.texi b/doc/misc/idlwave.texi
index 496674cd64b..ca449e44d0f 100644
--- a/doc/misc/idlwave.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/idlwave.texi
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ Completion
 Actions
 
 * Block Boundary Check::        Is the END statement correct?
-* Padding Operators::           Enforcing space around `=' etc
+* Padding Operators::           Enforcing space around @samp{=} etc
 * Case Changes::                Enforcing upper case keywords
 
 The IDLWAVE Shell
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ plot_wday,1,1
 @noindent and press @key{RET}.  This fails with an error message telling
 you the @code{YT} keyword to plot is ambiguous.  What are the allowed
 keywords again?  Go back to the source window and put the cursor into
-the `plot' line and press @kbd{C-c ?}.  This shows the routine info
+the ``plot'' line and press @kbd{C-c ?}.  This shows the routine info
 window for the plot routine, which contains a list of keywords, along
 with the argument list.  Oh, we wanted @code{YTITLE}.  Fix that up.
 Recompile with @kbd{C-c C-d C-c}. Jump back into the shell with
@@ -608,7 +608,7 @@ Group}. Here you'll be presented with all the various variables grouped
 into categories.  You can navigate the hierarchy (e.g., @samp{IDLWAVE
 Code Formatting->Idlwave Abbrev And Indent Action->Idlwave Expand
 Generic End} to turn on @code{END} expansion), read about the variables,
-change them, and `Save for Future Sessions'.  Few of these variables
+change them, and ``Save for Future Sessions''.  Few of these variables
 need customization, but you can exercise considerable control over
 IDLWAVE's functionality with them.
 
@@ -705,7 +705,7 @@ library:
     a=readf@key{M-@key{TAB}}
 @end example
 
-expands to `readfits('.  Then try
+expands to ``readfits(''.  Then try
 
 @example
     a=readfits(@key{C-c ?}
@@ -1599,7 +1599,7 @@ completed keywords.
 
 @defopt idlwave-function-completion-adds-paren (@code{t})
 Non-@code{nil} means completion automatically adds @samp{(} after
-completed function.  A value of `2' means also add the closing
+completed function.  A value of 2 means also add the closing
 parenthesis and position the cursor between the two.
 @end defopt
 
@@ -2121,7 +2121,7 @@ settings are described below and set separately.
 
 @menu
 * Block Boundary Check::        Is the END statement correct?
-* Padding Operators::           Enforcing space around `=' etc
+* Padding Operators::           Enforcing space around @samp{=} etc
 * Case Changes::                Enforcing upper case keywords
 @end menu
 
@@ -2490,7 +2490,7 @@ The frame parameters for a dedicated idlwave-shell frame.
 @end defopt
 
 @defopt idlwave-shell-raise-frame (@code{t})
-Non-@code{nil} means `idlwave-shell' raises the frame showing the shell
+Non-@code{nil} means @code{idlwave-shell} raises the frame showing the shell
 window.
 @end defopt
 
@@ -3943,7 +3943,7 @@ user is King!
       w3m-use-header-line nil
       w3m-use-toolbar nil)
 
-;; Close my help window or frame when w3m closes with `q'
+;; Close my help window or frame when w3m closes with 'q'.
 (defadvice w3m-close-window (after idlwave-close activate)
   (if (boundp 'idlwave-help-frame)
       (idlwave-help-quit)))
@@ -3969,11 +3969,11 @@ user is King!
     (idlwave-action-and-binding "," '(idlwave-surround nil 1))
     (idlwave-action-and-binding "&" '(idlwave-surround 1 1))
 
-    ;; Pad only after `->', remove any space before the arrow
+    ;; Pad only after '->', remove any space before the arrow
     (idlwave-action-and-binding "->"  '(idlwave-surround 0 -1 nil 2))
 
     ;; Set some personal bindings
-    ;; (In this case, makes `,' have the normal self-insert behavior.)
+    ;; (In this case, makes ',' have the normal self-insert behavior.)
     (local-set-key "," 'self-insert-command)
     (local-set-key [f5] 'idlwave-shell-break-here)
     (local-set-key [f6] 'idlwave-shell-clear-current-bp)
diff --git a/doc/misc/info.texi b/doc/misc/info.texi
index 759956d21dc..7337b467156 100644
--- a/doc/misc/info.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/info.texi
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ type the command @kbd{h} now.  It brings you to a programmed
 instruction sequence.
 
 To read about advanced Info commands, type @kbd{n} twice.  This
-brings you to @cite{Advanced Info Commands}, skipping over the `Getting
-Started' chapter.
+brings you to @cite{Advanced Info Commands}, skipping over the ``Getting
+Started'' chapter.
 
 Type @kbd{H} to see a summary of all available commands.
 @end ifinfo
diff --git a/doc/misc/mairix-el.texi b/doc/misc/mairix-el.texi
index 5cf9ab01be6..16f490270fd 100644
--- a/doc/misc/mairix-el.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/mairix-el.texi
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ not tested (yet).
 
 You should make sure that you don't accidentally index the search
 results produced by mairix.  This can be done by pointing
-`mairix-file-path' to a directory which is surely not indexed by mairix.
+@code{mairix-file-path} to a directory which is surely not indexed by mairix.
 Another possibility is to use something like
 
 @example
@@ -222,12 +222,12 @@ Here's a description of the available interactive functions:
 @vindex mairix-search-options
 Call mairix with a search query.  You will also be asked if you want to
 include whole threads.  The results are saved by mairix in the default
-mail file, which is set through the variable `mairix-search-file', which
-again is prefixed by `mairix-file-path'.  The results will then be
+mail file, which is set through the variable @code{mairix-search-file}, which
+again is prefixed by @code{mairix-file-path}.  The results will then be
 displayed with the chosen mail program.  The command used to call mairix
-is specified by the variable `mairix-command', together with the options
-`mairix-search-options'.  The latter has the default ``-F'' for making
-searching faster.
+is specified by the variable @code{mairix-command}, together with the options
+@code{mairix-search-options}.  The latter has the default @option{-F}
+for making searching faster.
 
 @item mairix-widget-search
 @kindex M-x mairix-widget-search
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ how it works.  You can then directly call mairix with the search term or
 save it for future use.  Since mairix allows almost arbitrary
 combinations of search commands (like ``tc'' for ``to or cc''), you
 might want to include some other fields.  This can be easily done by
-modifying `mairix-widget-fields-list'.
+modifying @code{mairix-widget-fields-list}.
 
 @item mairix-widget-search-based-on-article
 @kindex M-x mairix-widget-search-based-on-article
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ for the search and will then be asked if you want to save your saved
 searches in your @file{.emacs}.  If you answer with yes, the variable
 @code{mairix-saved-searches} will be saved in the customize section of
 your @file{.emacs}.  You can also do this later by using
-`mairix-edit-saved-searches'.
+@code{mairix-edit-saved-searches}.
 
 @item mairix-use-saved-search
 @kindex M-x mairix-use-saved-search
@@ -303,10 +303,11 @@ maybe you like it.
 @vindex mairix-update-options
 @vindex mairix-synchronous-update
 Call mairix to update the database.  Mairix will be called with the
-options `mairix-update-options'; the default is ``-F'' and ``-Q'' to
+options @code{mairix-update-options}; the default is @option{-F} and
+@option{-Q} to
 make updates as fast as possible.  Note that by using these options,
 absolutely no integrity checking is done.  If your database somehow gets
-corrupted, simply delete it and update.  If `mairix-synchronous-update'
+corrupted, simply delete it and update.  If @code{mairix-synchronous-update}
 is @code{nil} (the default), mairix will be called in a subprocess so Emacs
 will still be usable while the update is done.
 
diff --git a/doc/misc/makefile.w32-in b/doc/misc/makefile.w32-in
index 6869d946ac9..398b774c481 100644
--- a/doc/misc/makefile.w32-in
+++ b/doc/misc/makefile.w32-in
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 # Where to find the source code.  The source code for Emacs's C kernel is
 # expected to be in $(srcdir)/src, and the source code for Emacs's
 # utility programs is expected to be in $(srcdir)/lib-src.  This is
-# set by the configure script's `--srcdir' option.
+# set by the configure script's '--srcdir' option.
 srcdir=.
 
 infodir = $(srcdir)/../../info
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ DVI_TARGETS = calc.dvi cc-mode.dvi cl.dvi dbus.dvi dired-x.dvi \
 		wisent.dvi htmlfontify.dvi
 INFOSOURCES = info.texi
 
-# The following rule does not work with all versions of `make'.
+# The following rule does not work with all versions of 'make'.
 .SUFFIXES: .texi .dvi
 .texi.dvi:
 	texi2dvi $<
diff --git a/doc/misc/message.texi b/doc/misc/message.texi
index 6e49c0a347c..884d8299921 100644
--- a/doc/misc/message.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/message.texi
@@ -2006,13 +2006,13 @@ that look like:
 Hallvard B Furuseth <h.b.furuseth@@usit.uio.no> writes:
 @end example
 
-@c FIXME: Add `message-insert-formatted-citation-line' and
-@c `message-citation-line-format'
+@c FIXME: Add 'message-insert-formatted-citation-line' and
+@c 'message-citation-line-format'.
 
 Point will be at the beginning of the body of the message when this
 function is called.
 
-Note that Gnus provides a feature where clicking on `writes:' hides the
+Note that Gnus provides a feature where clicking on @samp{writes:} hides the
 cited text.  If you change the citation line too much, readers of your
 messages will have to adjust their Gnus, too.  See the variable
 @code{gnus-cite-attribution-suffix}.  @xref{Article Highlighting, ,
diff --git a/doc/misc/newsticker.texi b/doc/misc/newsticker.texi
index 0520a4eec44..dfabb9290dd 100644
--- a/doc/misc/newsticker.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/newsticker.texi
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ are kept until @code{newsticker-obsolete-item-max-age} is reached.
 
 @vindex newsticker-automatically-mark-items-as-old
 @item newsticker-automatically-mark-items-as-old
-If this is set to `t' then a ``new'' item becomes ``old'' as soon as
+If this is set to @code{t} then a ``new'' item becomes ``old'' as soon as
 it is retrieved a second time.
 
 @end table
diff --git a/doc/misc/octave-mode.texi b/doc/misc/octave-mode.texi
index b65c5ee380a..3199ec4d146 100644
--- a/doc/misc/octave-mode.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/octave-mode.texi
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ to directly start an inferior Octave process.
 This will start Octave in a special buffer the name of which is
 specified by the variable @code{inferior-octave-buffer} and defaults
 to @file{*Inferior Octave*}.  From within this buffer, you can
-interact with the inferior Octave process `as usual', i.e., by
+interact with the inferior Octave process ``as usual'', i.e., by
 entering Octave commands at the prompt.  The buffer is in Inferior
 Octave mode, which is derived from the standard Comint mode, a major
 mode for interacting with an inferior interpreter.  See the
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ then sourcing the buffer by using @kbd{C-c C-l}
 @item C-c C-i s
 @kindex C-c C-i s
 @findex octave-show-process-buffer
-Make sure that `inferior-octave-buffer' is displayed
+Make sure that @code{inferior-octave-buffer} is displayed
 (@code{octave-show-process-buffer}).
 
 @item C-c C-i q
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ The startup of the inferior Octave process is highly customizable.
 The variable @code{inferior-octave-startup-args} can be used for
 specifying command lines arguments to be passed to Octave on startup
 as a list of strings.  For example, to suppress the startup message
-and use `traditional' mode, set this to @code{("-q" "--traditional")}.
+and use ``traditional'' mode, set this to @code{("-q" "--traditional")}.
 You can also specify a startup file of Octave commands to be loaded on
 startup; note that these commands will not produce any visible output
 in the process buffer.  Which file to use is controlled by the
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ when Octave is waiting for input, or done sending output.
 @c @noindent
 @c to your @file{.emacs} file.
 
-@c You can use either `plain' Emacs Info or the function @code{octave-help}
+@c You can use either 'plain' Emacs Info or the function @code{octave-help}
 @c as your Octave info reader (for @samp{help -i}).  In the former case,
 @c use @code{info_program ("info-emacs-info")}.
 @c The latter is perhaps more attractive because it allows to look up keys
diff --git a/doc/misc/org.texi b/doc/misc/org.texi
index d2721f6e35e..a2cc51ec259 100644
--- a/doc/misc/org.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/org.texi
@@ -1053,7 +1053,7 @@ is not necessary.  In that case it is sufficient to start Emacs as
 shown below.
 
 @lisp
-;;; Minimal setup to load latest `org-mode'
+;;; Minimal setup to load latest 'org-mode'
 
 ;; activate debugging
 (setq debug-on-error t
@@ -2356,7 +2356,7 @@ Fields that are wider become clipped and end in the string @samp{=>}.
 Note that the full text is still in the buffer but is hidden.
 To see the full text, hold the mouse over the field---a tool-tip window
 will show the full content.  To edit such a field, use the command
-@kbd{C-c `} (that is @kbd{C-c} followed by the backquote).  This will
+@kbd{C-c `} (that is @kbd{C-c} followed by the grave accent).  This will
 open a new window with the full field.  Edit it and finish with @kbd{C-c
 C-c}.
 
@@ -2770,7 +2770,7 @@ It is also possible to write a formula in Emacs Lisp.  This can be useful
 for string manipulation and control structures, if Calc's functionality is
 not enough.
 
-If a formula starts with a single-quote followed by an opening parenthesis,
+If a formula starts with an apostrophe followed by an opening parenthesis,
 then it is evaluated as a Lisp form.  The evaluation should return either a
 string or a number.  Just as with @file{calc} formulas, you can specify modes
 and a printf format after a semicolon.
@@ -6330,7 +6330,8 @@ you stop working on that task, or when you mark the task done, the clock is
 stopped and the corresponding time interval is recorded.  It also computes
 the total time spent on each subtree@footnote{Clocking only works if all
 headings are indented with less than 30 stars.  This is a hardcoded
-limitation of `lmax' in `org-clock-sum'.} of a project.  And it remembers a
+limitation of @code{lmax} in @code{org-clock-sum}.} of a project.  And it
+remembers a
 history or tasks recently clocked, to that you can jump quickly between a
 number of tasks absorbing your time.
 
@@ -10312,14 +10313,14 @@ macro, they are removed again (depending on the variable
 @code{cdlatex-simplify-sub-super-scripts}).
 @item
 @kindex `
-Pressing the backquote @kbd{`} followed by a character inserts math
+Pressing the grave accent @kbd{`} followed by a character inserts math
 macros, also outside @LaTeX{} fragments.  If you wait more than 1.5 seconds
-after the backquote, a help window will pop up.
+after the grave accent, a help window will pop up.
 @item
 @kindex '
-Pressing the single-quote @kbd{'} followed by another character modifies
+Pressing the apostrophe @kbd{'} followed by another character modifies
 the symbol before point with an accent or a font.  If you wait more than
-1.5 seconds after the single-quote, a help window will pop up.  Character
+1.5 seconds after the apostrophe, a help window will pop up.  Character
 modification will work only inside @LaTeX{} fragments; outside the quote
 is normal.
 @end itemize
@@ -12192,7 +12193,7 @@ You can control the size and scale of the embedded images using the
 The exporter specifies the desired size of the image in the final document in
 units of centimeters.  In order to scale the embedded images, the exporter
 queries for pixel dimensions of the images using one of a) ImageMagick's
-@file{identify} program or b) Emacs `create-image' and `image-size'
+@file{identify} program or b) Emacs @code{create-image} and @code{image-size}
 APIs@footnote{Use of @file{ImageMagick} is only desirable.  However, if you
 routinely produce documents that have large images or you export your Org
 files that has images using a Emacs batch script, then the use of
@@ -13390,9 +13391,9 @@ the Org buffer and get them translated into @LaTeX{} without using the
 @lisp
 @group
 (defun my-latex-filter-nobreaks (text backend info)
-  "Ensure \" \" are properly handled in LaTeX export."
+  "Ensure \"_\" are properly handled in LaTeX export."
   (when (org-export-derived-backend-p backend 'latex)
-        (replace-regexp-in-string " " "~" text)))
+        (replace-regexp-in-string "_" "~" text)))
 
 (add-to-list 'org-export-filter-plain-text-functions
              'my-latex-filter-nobreaks)
@@ -15730,7 +15731,7 @@ process.  For example, compare the following two blocks:
 : bye
 @end example
 
-In non-session mode, the `2' is not printed and does not appear.
+In non-session mode, the ``2'' is not printed and does not appear.
 
 @example
 #+BEGIN_SRC python :results output :session
@@ -15745,8 +15746,8 @@ In non-session mode, the `2' is not printed and does not appear.
 : bye
 @end example
 
-But in @code{:session} mode, the interactive interpreter receives input `2'
-and prints out its value, `2'.  (Indeed, the other print statements are
+But in @code{:session} mode, the interactive interpreter receives input ``2''
+and prints out its value, ``2''.  (Indeed, the other print statements are
 unnecessary here).
 
 @node Noweb reference syntax, Key bindings and useful functions, Results of evaluation, Working With Source Code
@@ -17814,8 +17815,8 @@ scheduled, and clocking, and any additional properties defined in the
 entry.  The return value is an alist.  Keys may occur multiple times
 if the property key was used several times.@*
 POM may also be @code{nil}, in which case the current entry is used.
-If WHICH is @code{nil} or `all', get all properties.  If WHICH is
-`special' or `standard', only get that subclass.
+If WHICH is @code{nil} or @code{all}, get all properties.  If WHICH is
+@code{special} or @code{standard}, only get that subclass.
 @end defun
 @vindex org-use-property-inheritance
 @findex org-insert-property-drawer
diff --git a/doc/misc/rcirc.texi b/doc/misc/rcirc.texi
index f0241f04f8f..646122bf897 100644
--- a/doc/misc/rcirc.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/rcirc.texi
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ send it to a channel.
 @cindex quotes
 @cindex double-quotes
 Many commands take parameters.  IRC commands usually ignore string
-delimiters.  Neither quote nor double-quote have special meanings in
+delimiters.  Neither apostrophe nor double-quote have special meanings in
 IRC.
 
 @example
diff --git a/doc/misc/reftex.texi b/doc/misc/reftex.texi
index 1497b1f5f1d..6488ae289a2 100644
--- a/doc/misc/reftex.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/reftex.texi
@@ -1000,7 +1000,7 @@ In eqs. (1), (2), (3)--(4), (5) and (6)
 @item u
 Unmark a marked entry.
 
-@c FIXME: Do we need `A' as well for consistency?
+@c FIXME: Do we need 'A' as well for consistency?
 @cindex LaTeX packages, @code{saferef}
 @cindex @code{saferef}, LaTeX package
 @item a
@@ -4192,7 +4192,7 @@ List of magic words which identify a reference to be of this type.  If
 the word before point is equal to one of these words when calling
 @code{reftex-reference}, the label list offered will be automatically
 restricted to labels of the correct type.  If the first element of this
-word list is the symbol `regexp', the strings are interpreted as regular
+word list is the symbol @code{regexp}, the strings are interpreted as regular
 expressions.
 
 @item @var{toc-level}
@@ -4247,7 +4247,7 @@ but this process can be slow when a document contains thousands of
 labels.  If you use label prefixes consistently, you may speed up
 document parsing by setting this variable to a non-@code{nil} value.  RefTeX
 will then compare the label prefix with the prefixes found in
-`reftex-label-alist' and derive the correct label type in this way.
+@code{reftex-label-alist} and derive the correct label type in this way.
 Possible values for this option are:
 
 @example
@@ -4913,7 +4913,7 @@ The keymap which is active in the @file{*Index*} buffer
 
 @defopt reftex-view-crossref-extra
 Macros which can be used for the display of cross references.
-This is used when `reftex-view-crossref' is called with point in an
+This is used when @code{reftex-view-crossref} is called with point in an
 argument of a macro.  Note that crossref viewing for citations,
 references (both ways) and index entries is hard-coded.  This variable
 is only to configure additional structures for which crossreference
@@ -5447,7 +5447,7 @@ deleted from the toc buffer with the @kbd{d} key.
 @noindent @b{Version 4.19}
 @itemize @bullet
 @item
-New command `reftex-toc-recenter' (@kbd{C-c -}) which shows the current
+New command @code{reftex-toc-recenter} (@kbd{C-c -}) which shows the current
 section in the TOC buffer without selecting the TOC window.
 @item
 Recentering happens automatically in idle time when the option
@@ -5459,7 +5459,7 @@ buffer.
 The highlight in the TOC buffer stays when the focus moves to a
 different window.
 @item
-New command `reftex-goto-label'.
+New command @code{reftex-goto-label}.
 @item
 Part numbers are no longer included in chapter numbers, and a new
 part does not reset the chapter counter.  See new option
diff --git a/doc/misc/remember.texi b/doc/misc/remember.texi
index c0d2ba3c771..13594d97a97 100644
--- a/doc/misc/remember.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/remember.texi
@@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ Have you ever noticed that having a laptop to write on doesn't
 @emph{actually} increase the amount of quality material that you turn
 out, in the long run?  Perhaps it's because the time we save
 electronically in one way, we're losing electronically in another; the
-tool should never dominate one's focus.  As the mystic Faridu'd-Din
-`Attar wrote: ``Be occupied as little as possible with things of the
+tool should never dominate one's focus.  As the mystic Farīd ud-Dīn
+ʿAṭṭār wrote: ``Be occupied as little as possible with things of the
 outer world but much with things of the inner world; then right action
 will overcome inaction.''
 
@@ -318,10 +318,10 @@ Save (if it is modified) and bury the current buffer.
 
 @item C-c C-c
 @itemx C-x C-s
-Remember the contents of the current buffer (`remember-finalize').
+Remember the contents of the current buffer (@code{remember-finalize}).
 
 @item C-c C-k
-Destroy the current @file{*Remember*} buffer (`remember-destroy').
+Destroy the current @file{*Remember*} buffer (@code{remember-destroy}).
 
 @end table
 
diff --git a/doc/misc/sc.texi b/doc/misc/sc.texi
index a97e504cb28..a851fa2d981 100644
--- a/doc/misc/sc.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/sc.texi
@@ -1790,7 +1790,7 @@ a mail message to the Supercite mailing list:
         Martin>    tends to be a "full blown" version rather than to be
         Martin>    stripped down.
 
-        Martin> 2: `point' is at the start of the header, `mark' at the
+        Martin> 2: 'point' is at the start of the header, 'mark' at the
         Martin>    end of the message body.
 
         Martin> 3: (run-hooks 'mail-yank-hooks)
diff --git a/doc/misc/semantic.texi b/doc/misc/semantic.texi
index 090724056a6..5f4a7821fec 100644
--- a/doc/misc/semantic.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/semantic.texi
@@ -604,7 +604,7 @@ Emacs Lisp.  It is an LALR parser suitable for complex languages.
 @c Following comments are for the benefit of ispell.
 
 @c LocalWords: alist API APIs arg argc args argv asis assoc autoload Wisent
-@c LocalWords: backquote bnf bovinate bovinates LALR
+@c LocalWords: bnf bovinate bovinates LALR
 @c LocalWords: bovinating bovination bovinator bucketize
 @c LocalWords: cb cdr charquote checkcache cindex CLOS
 @c LocalWords: concat concocting const ctxt Decl defcustom
diff --git a/doc/misc/speedbar.texi b/doc/misc/speedbar.texi
index 726f749e05e..da507dbb83c 100644
--- a/doc/misc/speedbar.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/speedbar.texi
@@ -43,16 +43,16 @@ modify this GNU manual.''
 
 Speedbar is a program for Emacs which can be used to summarize
 information related to the current buffer.  Its original inspiration
-is the `explorer' often used in modern development environments, office
+is the ``explorer'' often used in modern development environments, office
 packages, and web browsers.
 
 Speedbar displays a narrow frame in which a tree view is shown.  This
 tree view defaults to containing a list of files and directories.  Files
-can be `expanded' to list tags inside. Directories can be expanded to
+can be ``expanded'' to list tags inside. Directories can be expanded to
 list the files within itself.  Each file or tag can be jumped to
 immediately.
 
-Speedbar expands upon `explorer' windows by maintaining context with the
+Speedbar expands upon ``explorer'' windows by maintaining context with the
 user.  For example, when using the file view, the current buffer's file
 is highlighted.  Speedbar also mimics the explorer windows by providing
 multiple display modes.  These modes come in two flavors.  Major display
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ only when a buffer of the applicable type is shown.  This allows
 authors of other packages to provide speedbar summaries customized to
 the needs of that mode.
 
-Throughout this manual, activities are defined as `clicking on', or
-`expanding' items.  Clicking means using @kbd{Mouse-2} on a
+Throughout this manual, activities are defined as ``clicking on'', or
+``expanding'' items.  Clicking means using @kbd{Mouse-2} on a
 button.  Expanding refers to clicking on an expansion button to display
 an expanded summary of the entry the expansion button is
 on.  @xref{Basic Navigation}.
@@ -231,9 +231,9 @@ Groups summarize information in a single line, and provide a high level
 view of more complex systems, like a directory tree, or manual chapters.
 
 Groups appear at different indentation levels, and are prefixed with a
-@samp{+} in some sort of `box'.  The group name will summarize the
+@samp{+} in some sort of ``box''.  The group name will summarize the
 information within it, and the expansion box will display that
-information inline.  In File mode, directories and files are `groups'
+information inline.  In File mode, directories and files are ``groups''
 where the @samp{+} is surrounded by brackets like this:
 
 @example
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ In this example, we see both open and closed directories, in addition to
 a file.  The directories have a box consisting of angle brackets, and a
 file uses square brackets.
 
-In all modes, a group can be `edited' by pressing @kbd{RET}, meaning a
+In all modes, a group can be ``edited'' by pressing @kbd{RET}, meaning a
 file will be opened, or a directory explicitly opened in speedbar.  A
 group can be expanded or contracted using @kbd{+} or
 @kbd{-}.  @xref{Basic Key Bindings}.
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ Unadorned text will generally be colorless, and not clickable.
 Each type of Group, item indicator, and label is given a different
 color.  The colors chosen are dependent on whether the background color
 is light or dark.
-Of important note is that the `current item', which may be a buffer or
+Of important note is that the ``current item'', which may be a buffer or
 file name, is highlighted red, and underlined.
 
 Colors can be customized from the group @code{speedbar-faces}.  Some
@@ -1128,7 +1128,7 @@ The conventions allow almost anything to be inserted, but several helper
 functions are provided to make it easy to create the standardized
 buttons.
 
-To understand the built in functions, each `button' in speedbar consists
+To understand the built in functions, each ``button'' in speedbar consists
 of four important pieces of data.  The text to be displayed, token
 data to be associated with the text, a function to call, and some face to
 display it in.
diff --git a/doc/misc/todo-mode.texi b/doc/misc/todo-mode.texi
index f58965cadab..3032da34e28 100644
--- a/doc/misc/todo-mode.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/todo-mode.texi
@@ -702,13 +702,13 @@ prompt, after typing @kbd{i} to invoke @code{todo-insert-item}, looks
 like this:
 
 @example
-Press a key (so far `i'):  @{ i=>default p=>copy @} @{ y=>diary k=>nonmarking @} @{ c=>calendar d=>date n=>dayname @} t=>time @{ h=>here r=>region @}
+Press a key (so far @kbd{i}):  @{ i=>default p=>copy @} @{ y=>diary k=>nonmarking @} @{ c=>calendar d=>date n=>dayname @} t=>time @{ h=>here r=>region @}
 @end example
 
 @noindent If you now type @kbd{y}, the prompt changes to this:
 
 @example
-Press a key (so far `i y'):  y=>diary:GO! @{ c=>calendar d=>date n=>dayname @} t=>time @{ h=>here r=>region @}
+Press a key (so far @kbd{i y}):  y=>diary:GO! @{ c=>calendar d=>date n=>dayname @} t=>time @{ h=>here r=>region @}
 @end example
 
 @noindent Notice that the pair @samp{k=>nonmarking} is now absent, since it
@@ -892,7 +892,7 @@ is on a done item, this displays the following prompt in the echo
 area:
 
 @example
-Press a key (so far `e'): c=>add/edit comment d=>delete comment
+Press a key (so far @kbd{e}): c=>add/edit comment d=>delete comment
 @end example
 
 @noindent
@@ -903,7 +903,7 @@ echo area, and you can continue or complete the invocation only by
 typing one of the listed keys:
 
 @example
-Press a key (so far `e'): e=>edit h=>header m=>multiline y=>diary k=>nonmarking d=>date t=>time
+Press a key (so far @kbd{e}): e=>edit h=>header m=>multiline y=>diary k=>nonmarking d=>date t=>time
 @end example
 
 As noted above, passing the @samp{date} parameter does not complete
@@ -912,7 +912,7 @@ following prompt, and typing any of these keys does complete the
 invocation:
 
 @example
-Press a key (so far `e d'): f=>full c=>calendar a=>today n=>dayname y=>year m=>month d=>daynum
+Press a key (so far @kbd{e d}): f=>full c=>calendar a=>today n=>dayname y=>year m=>month d=>daynum
 @end example
 
 In addition to the item-level invocations @kbd{e y}, to change the
diff --git a/doc/misc/tramp.texi b/doc/misc/tramp.texi
index d9cb933cb6c..1875a70af43 100644
--- a/doc/misc/tramp.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/tramp.texi
@@ -105,8 +105,8 @@ copy and modify this GNU manual.''
 This file documents @value{tramp} version @value{trampver}, a remote file
 editing package for @value{emacsname}.
 
-@value{tramp} stands for `Transparent Remote (file) Access, Multiple
-Protocol'.  This package provides remote file editing, similar to
+@value{tramp} stands for ``Transparent Remote (file) Access, Multiple
+Protocol''.  This package provides remote file editing, similar to
 @value{ftppackagename}.
 
 The difference is that @value{ftppackagename} uses FTP to transfer
@@ -704,7 +704,7 @@ the remote host, this option uses @samp{ssh -t -t @var{host} -l
 @var{user} /bin/sh} to open a connection.  This is useful for users
 where the normal login shell is set up to ask them a number of
 questions when logging in.  This procedure avoids these questions, and
-just gives @value{tramp} a more-or-less `standard' login shell to work
+just gives @value{tramp} a more-or-less ``standard'' login shell to work
 with.
 
 Note that this procedure does not eliminate questions asked by
@@ -856,7 +856,7 @@ the remote host, this option uses @samp{ssh -t -t @var{host} -l
 @var{user} /bin/sh} to open a connection.  This is useful for users
 where the normal login shell is set up to ask them a number of
 questions when logging in.  This procedure avoids these questions, and
-just gives @value{tramp} a more-or-less `standard' login shell to work
+just gives @value{tramp} a more-or-less ``standard'' login shell to work
 with.
 
 This is also useful for Windows users where @command{ssh}, when
@@ -2210,7 +2210,7 @@ When
 is @code{nil} (the default), such problems do not occur.
 
 Therefore, it is useful to set special values for @value{tramp}
-files.  For example, the following statement effectively `turns off'
+files.  For example, the following statement effectively ``turns off''
 the effect of
 @ifset emacs
 @code{backup-directory-alist}
@@ -3256,7 +3256,7 @@ file name completion, report a bug to the @value{tramp} developers.
 File name completion does not work in large directories
 
 @value{tramp} uses globbing for some operations.  (Globbing means to use the
-shell to expand wildcards such as `*.c'.)  This might create long
+shell to expand wildcards such as @samp{*.c}.)  This might create long
 command lines, especially in directories with many files.  Some shells
 choke on long command lines, or don't cope well with the globbing
 itself.
diff --git a/doc/misc/url.texi b/doc/misc/url.texi
index a1fa31fe6ce..8c4afbe28b6 100644
--- a/doc/misc/url.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/url.texi
@@ -1116,7 +1116,7 @@ This the @samp{nslookup} program.  It is @code{"nslookup"} by default.
 @cindex network connections, suppressing
 @cindex suppressing network connections
 @cindex bugs, HTML
-@cindex HTML `bugs'
+@cindex HTML ``bugs''
 In some circumstances it is desirable to suppress making network
 connections.  A typical case is when rendering HTML in a mail user
 agent, when external URLs should not be activated, particularly to
diff --git a/doc/misc/vhdl-mode.texi b/doc/misc/vhdl-mode.texi
index 777bb107772..829c4f6564b 100644
--- a/doc/misc/vhdl-mode.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/vhdl-mode.texi
@@ -898,7 +898,7 @@ The official Emacs VHDL Mode Home Page can be found at
 @chapter  Sample @file{.emacs} file
 @cindex   Sample @file{.emacs} file
 
-Most customizations can be done using the `Customize' entry in the
+Most customizations can be done using the ``Customize'' entry in the
 VHDL Mode menu, which requires no editing of the .emacs file.
 If you want to customize indentation, here you go:
 
diff --git a/doc/misc/vip.texi b/doc/misc/vip.texi
index ebb14944e24..250ced951b1 100644
--- a/doc/misc/vip.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/vip.texi
@@ -1023,14 +1023,14 @@ Jump to mark (and pop mark off the mark ring).
 Emacs uses the @dfn{mark ring} to store marked positions.  The commands
 @kbd{m <}, @kbd{m >} and @kbd{m .}@: not only set mark but also add it as the
 latest element of the mark ring (replacing the oldest one).  By repeating
-the command `@kbd{m ,}' you can visit older and older marked positions.  You
+the command @kbd{m ,} you can visit older and older marked positions.  You
 will eventually be in a loop as the mark ring is a ring.
 
 @node Motion Commands
 @section Motion Commands
 
 Commands for moving around in the current buffer are collected here.  These
-commands are used as an `argument' for the delete, change and yank commands
+commands are used as an ``argument'' for the delete, change and yank commands
 to be described in the next section.
 
 @table @kbd
@@ -1113,7 +1113,7 @@ considered as a sequence of non-white characters (@code{vip-end-of-Word}).
 @end table
 @noindent
 @cindex syntax table
-Here the meaning of the word `word' for the @kbd{w}, @kbd{b} and @kbd{e}
+Here the meaning of the word ``word'' for the @kbd{w}, @kbd{b} and @kbd{e}
 commands is determined by the @dfn{syntax table} effective in the current
 buffer.  Each major mode has its syntax mode, and therefore the meaning of
 a word also changes as the major mode changes.  See GNU Emacs Manual for
@@ -1380,7 +1380,7 @@ Delete a character before point.  Given @var{n}, delete @var{n} characters
 @cindex yank
 
 Yank commands @dfn{yank} a text of buffer into a (usually anonymous) register.
-Here the word `yank' is used in Vi's sense.  Thus yank commands do not
+Here the word ``yank'' is used in Vi's sense.  Thus yank commands do not
 alter the content of the buffer, and useful only in combination with
 commands that put back the yanked text into the buffer.
 
diff --git a/doc/misc/viper.texi b/doc/misc/viper.texi
index 0ccc6ac91d5..cfaf4e66d85 100644
--- a/doc/misc/viper.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/viper.texi
@@ -655,11 +655,12 @@ alone as a default is meaningless, since this command requires a file
 argument.
 @end table
 @noindent
-As in Vi, Viper's destructive commands can be re-executed by typing `@kbd{.}'.
+As in Vi, Viper's destructive commands can be re-executed by typing
+a period (@kbd{.}).
 However, in addition, Viper keeps track of the history of such commands.  This
 history can be perused by typing @kbd{C-c M-p} and @kbd{C-c M-n}.
 Having found the appropriate command, it can be then executed by typing
-`@kbd{.}'.
+a period.
 @xref{Improvements over Vi}, for more information.
 
 @node Insert State
@@ -877,7 +878,8 @@ want to change this.
 @noindent
 Currently undisplayed files can be listed using the @kbd{:ar} command.  The
 command @kbd{:n} can be given counts from the @kbd{:ar} list to switch to
-other files. For example, use `:n3' to move to the third file in that list.
+other files.  For example, use @samp{:n3} to move to the third file in
+that list.
 
 @node Unimplemented Features
 @section Unimplemented Features
@@ -1457,8 +1459,8 @@ In Vi state, these commands let the user peruse the history of Vi-style
 destructive commands, such as @kbd{dw}, @kbd{J}, @kbd{a}, etc.
 By repeatedly typing @kbd{C-c M-p} or @kbd{C-c M-n} you will cycle Viper
 through the recent history of Vi commands, displaying the commands one by
-one.  Once
-an appropriate command is found, it can be executed by typing `@kbd{.}'.
+one.  Once an appropriate command is found, it can be executed by
+typing a period.
 
 Since typing @kbd{C-c M-p} is tedious, it is more convenient to bind an
 appropriate function to a function key on the keyboard and use that key.
@@ -1626,7 +1628,7 @@ values.  The corresponding :se command is also indicated.  (The symbols
 Viper supports both the abbreviated Vi variable names and their full
 names.  Variable completion is done on full names only.  @key{TAB} and
 @key{SPC} complete
-variable names.  Typing `=' will complete the name and then will prompt for
+variable names.  Typing @kbd{=} will complete the name and then will prompt for
 a value, if applicable.  For instance, @kbd{:se au @key{SPC}} will complete the
 command to @kbd{:set autoindent}; @kbd{:se ta @key{SPC}} will complete the command
 and prompt further like this: @kbd{:set tabstop = }.
@@ -1800,8 +1802,8 @@ unless you are a novice, as this precludes the use
 of language-specific features provided by the major modes.
 @item viper-keep-point-on-repeat t
 If not @code{nil}, point is not moved when the user repeats the previous
-command by typing `.'  This is very useful for doing repeated changes with
-the @kbd{.} key.
+command by typing a period.  This is very useful for doing repeated
+changes with the @kbd{.} key.
 @item viper-repeat-from-history-key 'f12
 Prefix key used to invoke the macros @kbd{f12 1} and @kbd{f12 2} that repeat
 the second-last and the third-last destructive command.
@@ -2375,23 +2377,24 @@ shown above, and then setting it in the desired major modes as follows:
 @end example
 
 @item Vi-isms in Emacs state
-Some people find it useful to use the Vi-style search key, `/', to invoke
+Some people find it useful to use the Vi-style search key, @kbd{/}, to invoke
 search in modes which Viper leaves in emacs-state.  These modes are:
 @code{dired-mode}, @code{mh-folder-mode},
 @code{Info-mode}, and @code{Buffer-menu-mode}
-(more may be added in the future).  So, in the above modes, Viper binds `/'
+(more may be added in the future).  So, in the above modes, Viper binds @kbd{/}
 so that it will behave Vi-style.  Furthermore, in those major modes, Viper
-binds `:' to invoke ex-style commands, like in vi-state.  And, as described
-above, `//' and `///' get bound to Vi-style macros that toggle
+binds @kbd{:} to invoke ex-style commands, like in vi-state.  And, as described
+above, @kbd{//} and @kbd{///} get bound to Vi-style macros that toggle
 case-insensitivity and regexp-search.
 
 If you don't like these features---which I don't really understand---you
-can unbind `/' and `:' in @code{viper-dired-modifier-map} (for Dired) or in
-@code{viper-slash-and-colon-map}, for other modes.
+can unbind @kbd{/} and @kbd{:} in @code{viper-dired-modifier-map} (for
+Dired) or in @code{viper-slash-and-colon-map}, for other modes.
 @vindex @code{viper-slash-and-colon-map}
 @vindex @code{viper-dired-modifier-map}
 
-To unbind the macros `//' and `///' for a major mode where you feel they
+To unbind the macros @kbd{//} and @kbd{///} for a major mode where you
+feel they
 are undesirable, execute @code{viper-set-emacs-state-searchstyle-macros} with a
 non-@code{nil} argument.  This can be done either interactively, by supplying a
 prefix argument, or by placing
@@ -2419,16 +2422,17 @@ Change your user level interactively.
 Viper supports Emacs-style file completion when it prompts the user for a
 file name.  However, in many cases, the same directory may contain files
 with identical prefix but different suffixes, e.g., prog.c, prog.o,
-paper.tex, paper.dvi.  In such cases, completion will stop at the `.'.
+paper.tex, paper.dvi.  In such cases, completion will stop at the period.
 If the above variable is a list of strings representing suffixes, Viper will
 try these suffixes
 in the order listed and will check if the corresponding file exists.
 
-For instance, if completion stopped at `paper.'@: and the user typed
-@key{RET},
-then Viper will check if the files `paper.', `paper.tex', `paper.c', etc., exist.
+For instance, if completion stopped at @samp{paper.} and the user
+typed @key{RET}, then Viper will check if the files @file{paper.},
+@file{paper.tex}, @file{paper.c}, etc., exist.
 It will take the first such file.  If no file exists, Viper will give a chance
-to complete the file name by typing the appropriate suffix.  If `paper.'@: was
+to complete the file name by typing the appropriate suffix.
+If @file{paper.} was
 the intended file name, hitting return will accept it.
 
 To turn this feature off, set the above variable to @code{nil}.
@@ -2473,9 +2477,9 @@ major modes.
 Viper keeps track of the recent history of destructive
 commands, such as @kbd{dw}, @kbd{i}, etc.
 In Vi state,
-the most recent command can be re-executed by hitting `@kbd{.}', as in Vi.
+the most recent command can be re-executed by hitting a period, as in Vi.
 However, repeated typing @kbd{C-c M-p} will cause Viper to show the
-previous destructive commands in the minibuffer.  Subsequent hitting `@kbd{.}'
+previous destructive commands in the minibuffer.  Subsequent hitting period
 will execute the command that was displayed last.
 The key @kbd{C-c M-n} will cycle through the command history in the
 opposite direction.
@@ -2598,8 +2602,8 @@ your Viper customization file:
 This would bind mouse search to the action invoked by pressing the
 Meta key and clicking mouse button 1.  The allowed values of
 @code{viper-mouse-search-key} are lists that contain a mouse-button number
-(1,2, or 3) and any combination of the words `control', `meta', and
-`shift'.
+(1,2, or 3) and any combination of the words ``control'', ``meta'', and
+``shift''.
 
 If the requested mouse action (e.g., (meta 1)) is already taken for other
 purposes then you have to confirm your intention by placing the following
@@ -2616,9 +2620,9 @@ The region that is chosen as a pattern to search for is determined as
 follows.  If search is invoked via a single click, Viper chooses the region
 that lies between the beginning of the ``word'' under the pointer (``word''
 is understood in Vi sense) and the end of that word.  The only difference
-with Vi's words is that in Lisp major modes `-' is considered an
+with Vi's words is that in Lisp major modes @samp{-} is considered an
 alphanumeric symbol.  This is done for the convenience of working with Lisp
-symbols, which often have an `-' in them.  Also, if you click on a
+symbols, which often have an @samp{-} in them.  Also, if you click on a
 non-alphanumeric character that is not a word separator (in Vi sense) then
 this character will also be considered alphanumeric, provided that it is
 adjacent (from either side) to an alphanumeric character.  This useful
@@ -3164,7 +3168,8 @@ By default, Viper syntax preference is @code{reformed-vi}, which means that
 Viper considers only those symbols to be part of a word that are specified
 as word-symbols by the current Emacs syntax table (which may be different
 for different major modes) plus the underscore symbol @kbd{_}, minus the
-symbols that are not considered words in Vi (e.g., `,',;, etc.), but may be
+symbols that are not considered words in Vi (e.g., @samp{,}, @samp{;},
+etc.), but may be
 considered as word-symbols by various Emacs major modes.  Reformed-Vi works
 very close to Vi, and it also recognizes words in other
 alphabets.  Therefore, this is the most appropriate mode for editing text
@@ -3546,7 +3551,7 @@ the direction
 of older commands, while hitting @kbd{C-c M-n} does so in reverse
 order.  Each command in the history is displayed in the minibuffer.  The
 displayed command can
-then be executed by typing `@kbd{.}'.
+then be executed by typing a period.
 
 Since typing the above sequences of keys may be tedious, the
 functions doing the perusing can be bound to unused keyboard keys in the
@@ -4261,7 +4266,7 @@ character on the previous line.
 This setting affects the current buffer only.
 @item autoindent-global
 @itemx ai-global
-Same as `autoindent', but affects all buffers.
+Same as @code{autoindent}, but affects all buffers.
 @item noautoindent
 @itemx noai
 Cancel autoindent.
@@ -4320,7 +4325,7 @@ their normal length (default 8 positions).
 This setting affects the current buffer only.
 @item tabstop-global
 @itemx ts-g
-Same as `tabstop', but affects all buffers.
+Same as @code{tabstop}, but affects all buffers.
 @item wrapmargin=<count>
 @itemx wm=<count>
 @cindex auto fill
diff --git a/doc/misc/widget.texi b/doc/misc/widget.texi
index 6d5b6d37afd..1942b79977a 100644
--- a/doc/misc/widget.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/widget.texi
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ modify this GNU manual.''
 @chapter Introduction
 
 Most graphical user interface toolkits provide a number of standard
-user interface controls (sometimes known as `widgets' or `gadgets').
+user interface controls (sometimes known as ``widgets'' or ``gadgets'').
 Emacs doesn't really support anything like this, except for an
 incredibly powerful text ``widget.''  On the other hand, Emacs does
 provide the necessary primitives to implement many other widgets
diff --git a/doc/misc/woman.texi b/doc/misc/woman.texi
index a25924919a5..a935bedd47f 100644
--- a/doc/misc/woman.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/woman.texi
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 @c %**end of header
 
 @copying
-This file documents WoMan: A program to browse Unix manual pages `W.O.
-(without) man'.
+This file documents WoMan: A program to browse Unix manual pages ``W.O.
+(without) man''.
 
 Copyright @copyright{} 2001--2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ is important I will refer to them both ambiguously as @code{roff}.
 
 @code{roff} markup consists of @dfn{requests} and @dfn{escape
 sequences}.  A request occupies a complete line and begins with either a
-period or a single forward quote.  An escape sequences is embedded
+period or an apostrophe.  An escape sequence is embedded
 within the input text and begins (by default) with a backslash.  The
 original man macro package defines 20 new @code{roff} requests
 implemented as macros, which were considered to be sufficient for