@contents
@ifnottex
-@node Top, Preface, (dir), (dir)
+@node Top
@top An Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp
@insertcopying
@end detailmenu
@end menu
-@node Preface, List Processing, Top, Top
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Preface
@unnumbered Preface
Most of the GNU Emacs integrated environment is written in the programming
* Thank You::
@end menu
-@node Why, On Reading this Text, Preface, Preface
@ifnottex
+@node Why
@unnumberedsec Why Study Emacs Lisp?
@end ifnottex
fundamentals of programming, and more importantly, to show you how you
can teach yourself to go further.
-@node On Reading this Text, Who You Are, Why, Preface
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node On Reading this Text
@unnumberedsec On Reading this Text
All through this document, you will see little sample programs you can
something new. This self-reliance is not only a pleasure, but an
advantage.
-@node Who You Are, Lisp History, On Reading this Text, Preface
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Who You Are
@unnumberedsec For Whom This is Written
This text is written as an elementary introduction for people who are
@cite{Introduction}, you will find the @cite{Reference Manual} useful
when you are writing your own programs.
-@node Lisp History, Note for Novices, Who You Are, Preface
+@node Lisp History
@unnumberedsec Lisp History
@cindex Lisp history
Lisp. (The standard Emacs distribution contains an optional extensions
file, @file{cl.el}, that adds many Common Lisp features to Emacs Lisp.)
-@node Note for Novices, Thank You, Lisp History, Preface
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Note for Novices
@unnumberedsec A Note for Novices
If you don't know GNU Emacs, you can still read this document
referring to the various dialects of Lisp in general, but when I speak
of Emacs Lisp, I am referring to GNU Emacs Lisp in particular.
-@node Thank You, , Note for Novices, Preface
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Thank You
@unnumberedsec Thank You
My thanks to all who helped me with this book. My especial thanks to
@global@pageno = 1
@end iftex
-@node List Processing, Practicing Evaluation, Preface, Top
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node List Processing
@chapter List Processing
To the untutored eye, Lisp is a strange programming language. In Lisp
* Error Message Exercises::
@end menu
-@node Lisp Lists, Run a Program, List Processing, List Processing
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Lisp Lists
@section Lisp Lists
@cindex Lisp Lists
* Typing Lists:: How GNU Emacs helps you type lists.
@end menu
-@node Numbers Lists, Lisp Atoms, Lisp Lists, Lisp Lists
@ifnottex
+@node Numbers Lists
@unnumberedsubsec Numbers, Lists inside of Lists
@end ifnottex
list is made up of the words @samp{a}, @samp{list}, @samp{inside},
@samp{of}, @samp{it}.
-@node Lisp Atoms, Whitespace in Lists, Numbers Lists, Lisp Lists
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Lisp Atoms
@subsection Lisp Atoms
@cindex Lisp Atoms
Strings are a different kind of atom than numbers or symbols and are
used differently.
-@node Whitespace in Lists, Typing Lists, Lisp Atoms, Lisp Lists
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Whitespace in Lists
@subsection Whitespace in Lists
@cindex Whitespace in lists
(For certain situations, square brackets, dots and a few other special
characters may be used; however, we will go quite far without them.)
-@node Typing Lists, , Whitespace in Lists, Lisp Lists
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Typing Lists
@subsection GNU Emacs Helps You Type Lists
@cindex Help typing lists
@cindex Formatting help
parenthesis. (@xref{Major Modes, , Major Modes, emacs, The GNU Emacs
Manual}, for more information about Emacs's modes.)
-@node Run a Program, Making Errors, Lisp Lists, List Processing
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Run a Program
@section Run a Program
@cindex Run a program
@cindex Program, running one
But before discussing this (@pxref{Variables}), we will discuss what the
Lisp interpreter does when you make an error.
-@node Making Errors, Names & Definitions, Run a Program, List Processing
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Making Errors
@section Generate an Error Message
@cindex Generate an error message
@cindex Error message generation
definition is void:@: this}. The symbol (that is, the word
@samp{this}) lacks instructions for the computer to carry out.
-@node Names & Definitions, Lisp Interpreter, Making Errors, List Processing
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Names & Definitions
@section Symbol Names and Function Definitions
@cindex Symbol names
@samp{texinfo-} and those for functions that deal with reading mail
start with @samp{rmail-}.
-@node Lisp Interpreter, Evaluation, Names & Definitions, List Processing
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Lisp Interpreter
@section The Lisp Interpreter
@cindex Lisp interpreter, what it does
@cindex Interpreter, what it does
* Byte Compiling:: Specially processing code for speed.
@end menu
-@node Complications, Byte Compiling, Lisp Interpreter, Lisp Interpreter
@ifnottex
+@node Complications
@unnumberedsubsec Complications
@end ifnottex
Otherwise, the interpreter works left to right, from one expression to
the next.
-@node Byte Compiling, , Complications, Lisp Interpreter
+@node Byte Compiling
@subsection Byte Compiling
@cindex Byte compiling
The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, for a full description of byte
compilation.
-@node Evaluation, Variables, Lisp Interpreter, List Processing
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Evaluation
@section Evaluation
@cindex Evaluation
* Evaluating Inner Lists:: Lists within lists...
@end menu
-@node How the Interpreter Acts, Evaluating Inner Lists, Evaluation, Evaluation
@ifnottex
+@node How the Interpreter Acts
@unnumberedsubsec How the Lisp Interpreter Acts
@end ifnottex
Lisp interpreter to return a value and perhaps carry out a side effect;
or else produce an error.
-@node Evaluating Inner Lists, , How the Interpreter Acts, Evaluation
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Evaluating Inner Lists
@subsection Evaluating Inner Lists
@cindex Inner list evaluation
@cindex Evaluating inner lists
symbol by itself is evaluated, something different happens, as we will
see in the next section.
-@node Variables, Arguments, Evaluation, List Processing
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Variables
@section Variables
@cindex Variables
* Void Variable:: The error message for a symbol without a value.
@end menu
-@node fill-column Example, Void Function, Variables, Variables
@ifnottex
+@node fill-column Example
@unnumberedsubsec @code{fill-column}, an Example Variable
@end ifnottex
Setting the Value of a Variable}, for information about one way to do
this.
-@node Void Function, Void Variable, fill-column Example, Variables
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Void Function
@subsection Error Message for a Symbol Without a Function
@cindex Symbol without function error
@cindex Error for symbol without function
another key.)
@end ignore
-@node Void Variable, , Void Function, Variables
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Void Variable
@subsection Error Message for a Symbol Without a Value
@cindex Symbol without value error
@cindex Error for symbol without value
The meaning is the same as in GNU Emacs 22.
@end ignore
-@node Arguments, set & setq, Variables, List Processing
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Arguments
@section Arguments
@cindex Arguments
@cindex Passing information to functions
* message:: A useful function for sending messages.
@end menu
-@node Data types, Args as Variable or List, Arguments, Arguments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Data types
@subsection Arguments' Data Types
@cindex Data types
@cindex Types of data
a substring from an argument that is a string, not from another type of
atom such as a number or symbol.
-@node Args as Variable or List, Variable Number of Arguments, Data types, Arguments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Args as Variable or List
@subsection An Argument as the Value of a Variable or List
An argument can be a symbol that returns a value when it is evaluated.
integer that the addition function returns to a string.
@code{number-to-string} is also known as @code{int-to-string}.)
-@node Variable Number of Arguments, Wrong Type of Argument, Args as Variable or List, Arguments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Variable Number of Arguments
@subsection Variable Number of Arguments
@cindex Variable number of arguments
@cindex Arguments, variable number of
@end group
@end smallexample
-@node Wrong Type of Argument, message, Variable Number of Arguments, Arguments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Wrong Type of Argument
@subsection Using the Wrong Type Object as an Argument
@cindex Wrong type of argument
@cindex Argument, wrong type of
@file{*Backtrace*} buffer.
@end ignore
-@node message, , Wrong Type of Argument, Arguments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node message
@subsection The @code{message} Function
@findex message
message @code{"He saw 38 red foxes leaping."} appears in your echo
area.
-@node set & setq, Summary, Arguments, List Processing
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node set & setq
@section Setting the Value of a Variable
@cindex Variable, setting value
@cindex Setting value of variable
* Counting:: Using @code{setq} to count.
@end menu
-@node Using set, Using setq, set & setq, set & setq
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Using set
@subsection Using @code{set}
@findex set
the value that was returned. There are situations where this is the
right thing for the function to do; but such situations are rare.)
-@node Using setq, Counting, Using set, set & setq
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Using setq
@subsection Using @code{setq}
@findex setq
specifically a list, attached to it; or, expressed another way,
the symbol is set to ``point'' to the list.
-@node Counting, , Using setq, set & setq
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Counting
@subsection Counting
@cindex Counting
@code{setq} which sets the variable @code{counter} to this new value.
Thus, the value of the variable, @code{counter}, is changed.
-@node Summary, Error Message Exercises, set & setq, List Processing
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Summary
@section Summary
Learning Lisp is like climbing a hill in which the first part is the
create a side effect.
@end itemize
-@node Error Message Exercises, , Summary, List Processing
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Error Message Exercises
@section Exercises
A few simple exercises:
evaluated.
@end itemize
-@node Practicing Evaluation, Writing Defuns, List Processing, Top
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Practicing Evaluation
@chapter Practicing Evaluation
@cindex Practicing evaluation
@cindex Evaluation practice
* Evaluation Exercise::
@end menu
-@node How to Evaluate, Buffer Names, Practicing Evaluation, Practicing Evaluation
@ifnottex
+@node How to Evaluate
@unnumberedsec How to Evaluate
@end ifnottex
functions makes clear the distinction between buffers and files, how to
switch to a buffer, and how to determine a location within it.
-@node Buffer Names, Getting Buffers, How to Evaluate, Practicing Evaluation
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Buffer Names
@section Buffer Names
@findex buffer-name
@findex buffer-file-name
buffer you can edit; and when you write code or documentation (such as
this book), this feature is very useful.
-@node Getting Buffers, Switching Buffers, Buffer Names, Practicing Evaluation
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Getting Buffers
@section Getting Buffers
@findex current-buffer
@findex other-buffer
will choose the most recent buffer that you cannot see; this is a
subtlety that I often forget.}.
-@node Switching Buffers, Buffer Size & Locations, Getting Buffers, Practicing Evaluation
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Switching Buffers
@section Switching Buffers
@findex switch-to-buffer
@findex set-buffer
it---just as a plumber is an entity who can fix a leak if you call him
or her.
-@node Buffer Size & Locations, Evaluation Exercise, Switching Buffers, Practicing Evaluation
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Buffer Size & Locations
@section Buffer Size and the Location of Point
@cindex Size of buffer
@cindex Buffer size
function @code{point-max} returns the value of the maximum permissible
value of point in the current buffer.
-@node Evaluation Exercise, , Buffer Size & Locations, Practicing Evaluation
+@node Evaluation Exercise
@section Exercise
Find a file with which you are working and move towards its middle.
Find its buffer name, file name, length, and your position in the file.
-@node Writing Defuns, Buffer Walk Through, Practicing Evaluation, Top
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Writing Defuns
@chapter How To Write Function Definitions
@cindex Definition writing
@cindex Function definition writing
* defun Exercises::
@end menu
-@node Primitive Functions, defun, Writing Defuns, Writing Defuns
@ifnottex
+@node Primitive Functions
@unnumberedsec An Aside about Primitive Functions
@end ifnottex
@cindex Primitive functions
unless you investigate, you won't know whether an already-written
function is written in Emacs Lisp or C.
-@node defun, Install, Primitive Functions, Writing Defuns
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node defun
@section The @code{defun} Special Form
@findex defun
@cindex Special form of @code{defun}
definition of the function. Installation is described in the next
section.
-@node Install, Interactive, defun, Writing Defuns
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Install
@section Install a Function Definition
@cindex Install a Function Definition
@cindex Definition installation
* Change a defun:: How to change a function definition.
@end menu
-@node Effect of installation, Change a defun, Install, Install
@ifnottex
+@node Effect of installation
@unnumberedsubsec The effect of installation
@end ifnottex
@noindent
(To return to a single window on your screen, type @kbd{C-x 1}.)
-@node Change a defun, , Effect of installation, Install
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Change a defun
@subsection Change a Function Definition
@cindex Changing a function definition
@cindex Function definition, how to change
function; install it; test it; and then make fixes or enhancements and
install it again.
-@node Interactive, Interactive Options, Install, Writing Defuns
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Interactive
@section Make a Function Interactive
@cindex Interactive functions
@findex interactive
* multiply-by-seven in detail:: The interactive version.
@end menu
-@node Interactive multiply-by-seven, multiply-by-seven in detail, Interactive, Interactive
@ifnottex
+@node Interactive multiply-by-seven
@unnumberedsubsec An Interactive @code{multiply-by-seven}, An Overview
@end ifnottex
typing @kbd{C-u} and then a number, for example, @kbd{C-u 3 M-e} (if you
type @kbd{C-u} without a number, it defaults to 4).
-@node multiply-by-seven in detail, , Interactive multiply-by-seven, Interactive
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node multiply-by-seven in detail
@subsection An Interactive @code{multiply-by-seven}
Let's look at the use of the special form @code{interactive} and then at
function, @code{message} prints the text as a side effect without
quotes.)
-@node Interactive Options, Permanent Installation, Interactive, Writing Defuns
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Interactive Options
@section Different Options for @code{interactive}
@cindex Options for @code{interactive}
@cindex Interactive options
elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, for a more complete
explanation about this technique.
-@node Permanent Installation, let, Interactive Options, Writing Defuns
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Permanent Installation
@section Install Code Permanently
@cindex Install code permanently
@cindex Permanent code installation
others, it may be included in the next release of Emacs. In large
part, this is how Emacs has grown over the past years, by donations.
-@node let, if, Permanent Installation, Writing Defuns
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node let
@section @code{let}
@findex let
* Uninitialized let Variables::
@end menu
-@node Prevent confusion, Parts of let Expression, let, let
@ifnottex
+@node Prevent confusion
@unnumberedsubsec @code{let} Prevents Confusion
@end ifnottex
Dictionary}). Since you evaluate an expression to perform an action,
`execute' has evolved as a synonym to `evaluate'.)
-@node Parts of let Expression, Sample let Expression, Prevent confusion, let
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Parts of let Expression
@subsection The Parts of a @code{let} Expression
@cindex @code{let} expression, parts of
@cindex Parts of @code{let} expression
@end group
@end smallexample
-@node Sample let Expression, Uninitialized let Variables, Parts of let Expression, let
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Sample let Expression
@subsection Sample @code{let} Expression
@cindex Sample @code{let} expression
@cindex @code{let} expression sample
value of the variable @code{tiger} is printed at the location of the
second @samp{%s}.
-@node Uninitialized let Variables, , Sample let Expression, let
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Uninitialized let Variables
@subsection Uninitialized Variables in a @code{let} Statement
@cindex Uninitialized @code{let} variables
@cindex @code{let} variables uninitialized
@samp{%s}.) The four variables as a group are put into a list to
delimit them from the body of the @code{let}.
-@node if, else, let, Writing Defuns
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node if
@section The @code{if} Special Form
@findex if
@cindex Conditional with @code{if}
* type-of-animal in detail:: An example of an @code{if} expression.
@end menu
-@node if in more detail, type-of-animal in detail, if, if
@ifnottex
+@node if in more detail
@unnumberedsubsec @code{if} in more detail
@end ifnottex
when you evaluate @code{(type-of-animal 'zebra)} you will see @code{nil}
printed in the echo area.
-@node type-of-animal in detail, , if in more detail, if
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node type-of-animal in detail
@subsection The @code{type-of-animal} Function in Detail
Let's look at the @code{type-of-animal} function in detail.
is not equal to @code{fierce}, so the then-part is not evaluated and
@code{nil} is returned by the @code{if} expression.
-@node else, Truth & Falsehood, if, Writing Defuns
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node else
@section If--then--else Expressions
@cindex Else
possibility that some such argument will be tested by the @code{if}
and write your program accordingly.)
-@node Truth & Falsehood, save-excursion, else, Writing Defuns
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Truth & Falsehood
@section Truth and Falsehood in Emacs Lisp
@cindex Truth and falsehood in Emacs Lisp
@cindex Falsehood and truth in Emacs Lisp
* nil explained:: @code{nil} has two meanings.
@end menu
-@node nil explained, , Truth & Falsehood, Truth & Falsehood
@ifnottex
+@node nil explained
@unnumberedsubsec An explanation of @code{nil}
@end ifnottex
(> 4 5)
@end smallexample
-@node save-excursion, Review, Truth & Falsehood, Writing Defuns
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node save-excursion
@section @code{save-excursion}
@findex save-excursion
@cindex Region, what it is
* Template for save-excursion::
@end menu
-@node Point and mark, Template for save-excursion, save-excursion, save-excursion
@ifnottex
+@node Point and mark
@unnumberedsubsec Point and Mark
@end ifnottex
This is how @code{save-excursion} is used in @code{append-to-buffer}.
(@xref{append-to-buffer, , The Definition of @code{append-to-buffer}}.)
-@node Template for save-excursion, , Point and mark, save-excursion
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Template for save-excursion
@subsection Template for a @code{save-excursion} Expression
@need 800
@end group
@end smallexample
-@node Review, defun Exercises, save-excursion, Writing Defuns
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Review
@section Review
In the last few chapters we have introduced a fair number of functions
@end table
@need 1500
-@node defun Exercises, , Review, Writing Defuns
+@node defun Exercises
@section Exercises
@itemize @bullet
and if so, prints an appropriate message.
@end itemize
-@node Buffer Walk Through, More Complex, Writing Defuns, Top
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Buffer Walk Through
@chapter A Few Buffer--Related Functions
In this chapter we study in detail several of the functions used in GNU
* Buffer Exercises::
@end menu
-@node Finding More, simplified-beginning-of-buffer, Buffer Walk Through, Buffer Walk Through
+@node Finding More
@section Finding More Information
@findex describe-function, @r{introduced}
@kbd{C-h p} command lets you search the standard Emacs Lisp libraries
by topic keywords.''
-@node simplified-beginning-of-buffer, mark-whole-buffer, Finding More, Buffer Walk Through
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node simplified-beginning-of-buffer
@section A Simplified @code{beginning-of-buffer} Definition
@findex simplified-beginning-of-buffer
function contains the expression @code{(goto-char (point-max))} in place
of @code{(goto-char (point-min))}.
-@node mark-whole-buffer, append-to-buffer, simplified-beginning-of-buffer, Buffer Walk Through
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node mark-whole-buffer
@section The Definition of @code{mark-whole-buffer}
@findex mark-whole-buffer
* Body of mark-whole-buffer:: Only three lines of code.
@end menu
-@node mark-whole-buffer overview, Body of mark-whole-buffer, mark-whole-buffer, mark-whole-buffer
@ifnottex
+@node mark-whole-buffer overview
@unnumberedsubsec An overview of @code{mark-whole-buffer}
@end ifnottex
previous section.
@need 1250
-@node Body of mark-whole-buffer, , mark-whole-buffer overview, mark-whole-buffer
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Body of mark-whole-buffer
@subsection Body of @code{mark-whole-buffer}
The body of the @code{mark-whole-buffer} function consists of three
is set at the end of the buffer. The whole buffer is, therefore, the
region.
-@node append-to-buffer, Buffer Related Review, mark-whole-buffer, Buffer Walk Through
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node append-to-buffer
@section The Definition of @code{append-to-buffer}
@findex append-to-buffer
* append save-excursion:: How the @code{save-excursion} works.
@end menu
-@node append-to-buffer overview, append interactive, append-to-buffer, append-to-buffer
@ifnottex
+@node append-to-buffer overview
@unnumberedsubsec An Overview of @code{append-to-buffer}
@end ifnottex
Note that the documentation distinguishes between a buffer and its
name. (The function can handle either.)
-@node append interactive, append-to-buffer body, append-to-buffer overview, append-to-buffer
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node append interactive
@subsection The @code{append-to-buffer} Interactive Expression
Since the @code{append-to-buffer} function will be used interactively,
argument list (that is, @code{start} and @code{end}) to the values of
point and mark. That argument worked fine.)
-@node append-to-buffer body, append save-excursion, append interactive, append-to-buffer
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node append-to-buffer body
@subsection The Body of @code{append-to-buffer}
@ignore
boundary of the varlist and the second parenthesis marks the beginning
of the two-element list, @code{(oldbuf (current-buffer))}.
-@node append save-excursion, , append-to-buffer body, append-to-buffer
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node append save-excursion
@subsection @code{save-excursion} in @code{append-to-buffer}
The body of the @code{let} expression in @code{append-to-buffer}
buffer. Many function definitions use @code{let},
@code{save-excursion}, and @code{set-buffer} this way.
-@node Buffer Related Review, Buffer Exercises, append-to-buffer, Buffer Walk Through
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Buffer Related Review
@section Review
Here is a brief summary of the various functions discussed in this chapter.
@end table
@need 1500
-@node Buffer Exercises, , Buffer Related Review, Buffer Walk Through
+@node Buffer Exercises
@section Exercises
@itemize @bullet
function.
@end itemize
-@node More Complex, Narrowing & Widening, Buffer Walk Through, Top
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node More Complex
@chapter A Few More Complex Functions
In this chapter, we build on what we have learned in previous chapters
* optional Exercise::
@end menu
-@node copy-to-buffer, insert-buffer, More Complex, More Complex
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node copy-to-buffer
@section The Definition of @code{copy-to-buffer}
@findex copy-to-buffer
@end group
@end smallexample
-@node insert-buffer, beginning-of-buffer, copy-to-buffer, More Complex
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node insert-buffer
@section The Definition of @code{insert-buffer}
@findex insert-buffer
* New insert-buffer::
@end menu
-@node insert-buffer code, insert-buffer interactive, insert-buffer, insert-buffer
@ifnottex
+@node insert-buffer code
@unnumberedsubsec The Code for @code{insert-buffer}
@end ifnottex
@end group
@end smallexample
-@node insert-buffer interactive, insert-buffer body, insert-buffer code, insert-buffer
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node insert-buffer interactive
@subsection The Interactive Expression in @code{insert-buffer}
@findex interactive, @r{example use of}
* b for interactive:: An existing buffer or else its name.
@end menu
-@node Read-only buffer, b for interactive, insert-buffer interactive, insert-buffer interactive
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Read-only buffer
@unnumberedsubsubsec A Read-only Buffer
@cindex Read-only buffer
@cindex Asterisk for read-only buffer
into current buffer. The asterisk does not need to be followed by a
newline to separate it from the next argument.
-@node b for interactive, , Read-only buffer, insert-buffer interactive
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node b for interactive
@unnumberedsubsubsec @samp{b} in an Interactive Expression
The next argument in the interactive expression starts with a lower
functions with which we are already familiar and the @code{progn}
special form with which we are not. (It will be described later.)
-@node insert-buffer body, if & or, insert-buffer interactive, insert-buffer
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node insert-buffer body
@subsection The Body of the @code{insert-buffer} Function
The body of the @code{insert-buffer} function has two major parts: an
Before doing this, let me rewrite this part of the function using
@code{if} so that you can see what is done in a manner that will be familiar.
-@node if & or, Insert or, insert-buffer body, insert-buffer
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node if & or
@subsection @code{insert-buffer} With an @code{if} Instead of an @code{or}
The job to be done is to make sure the value of @code{buffer} is a
@code{buffer} to the value of the buffer itself, replacing its previous
value (which was the name of the buffer).
-@node Insert or, Insert let, if & or, insert-buffer
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Insert or
@subsection The @code{or} in the Body
The purpose of the @code{or} expression in the @code{insert-buffer}
(or (holding-on-to-guest) (find-and-take-arm-of-guest))
@end smallexample
-@node Insert let, New insert-buffer, Insert or, insert-buffer
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Insert let
@subsection The @code{let} Expression in @code{insert-buffer}
After ensuring that the variable @code{buffer} refers to a buffer itself
use @code{or}. All these functions are building blocks that we will
find and use again and again.
-@node New insert-buffer, , Insert let, insert-buffer
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node New insert-buffer
@subsection New Body for @code{insert-buffer}
@findex insert-buffer, new version body
@findex new version body for insert-buffer
exists only to produce a side effect, inserting another buffer, not to
return any value.
-@node beginning-of-buffer, Second Buffer Related Review, insert-buffer, More Complex
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node beginning-of-buffer
@section Complete Definition of @code{beginning-of-buffer}
@findex beginning-of-buffer
* beginning-of-buffer complete::
@end menu
-@node Optional Arguments, beginning-of-buffer opt arg, beginning-of-buffer, beginning-of-buffer
+@node Optional Arguments
@subsection Optional Arguments
Unless told otherwise, Lisp expects that a function with an argument in
is how we saw the @code{beginning-of-buffer} function in its
simplified form.
-@node beginning-of-buffer opt arg, beginning-of-buffer complete, Optional Arguments, beginning-of-buffer
+@node beginning-of-buffer opt arg
@subsection @code{beginning-of-buffer} with an Argument
When @code{beginning-of-buffer} is called with an argument, an
* Small buffer case::
@end menu
-@node Disentangle beginning-of-buffer, Large buffer case, beginning-of-buffer opt arg, beginning-of-buffer opt arg
@ifnottex
+@node Disentangle beginning-of-buffer
@unnumberedsubsubsec Disentangle @code{beginning-of-buffer}
@end ifnottex
There are two cases: if the buffer is large and if it is not.
-@node Large buffer case, Small buffer case, Disentangle beginning-of-buffer, beginning-of-buffer opt arg
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Large buffer case
@unnumberedsubsubsec What happens in a large buffer
In @code{beginning-of-buffer}, the inner @code{if} expression tests
This puts the cursor where we want it.
-@node Small buffer case, , Large buffer case, beginning-of-buffer opt arg
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Small buffer case
@unnumberedsubsubsec What happens in a small buffer
If the buffer contains fewer than 10,000 characters, a slightly
the cursor is moved to that point.
@need 1500
-@node beginning-of-buffer complete, , beginning-of-buffer opt arg, beginning-of-buffer
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node beginning-of-buffer complete
@subsection The Complete @code{beginning-of-buffer}
@need 1000
intended or whether no one has dealt with the code to avoid this
happening.
-@node Second Buffer Related Review, optional Exercise, beginning-of-buffer, More Complex
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Second Buffer Related Review
@section Review
Here is a brief summary of some of the topics covered in this chapter.
Return @code{t} if its argument is a buffer; otherwise return @code{nil}.
@end table
-@node optional Exercise, , Second Buffer Related Review, More Complex
+@node optional Exercise
@section @code{optional} Argument Exercise
Write an interactive function with an optional argument that tests
message. However, if you do not pass an argument to the function, use
56 as a default value.
-@node Narrowing & Widening, car cdr & cons, More Complex, Top
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Narrowing & Widening
@chapter Narrowing and Widening
@cindex Focusing attention (narrowing)
@cindex Narrowing
* narrow Exercise::
@end menu
-@node Narrowing advantages, save-restriction, Narrowing & Widening, Narrowing & Widening
@ifnottex
+@node Narrowing advantages
@unnumberedsec The Advantages of Narrowing
@end ifnottex
of the buffer in which it is interested and then restores the previous
situation.
-@node save-restriction, what-line, Narrowing advantages, Narrowing & Widening
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node save-restriction
@section The @code{save-restriction} Special Form
@findex save-restriction
(- (buffer-size) (forward-line (buffer-size)))))))
@end ignore
-@node what-line, narrow Exercise, save-restriction, Narrowing & Widening
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node what-line
@section @code{what-line}
@findex what-line
@cindex Widening, example of
mark to their original positions; and @code{save-restriction} restores
the original narrowing, if any.
-@node narrow Exercise, , what-line, Narrowing & Widening
+@node narrow Exercise
@section Exercise with Narrowing
Write a function that will display the first 60 characters of the
Additionally, do you really need @code{goto-char} or @code{point-min}?
Or can you write the function without them?
-@node car cdr & cons, Cutting & Storing Text, Narrowing & Widening, Top
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node car cdr & cons
@chapter @code{car}, @code{cdr}, @code{cons}: Fundamental Functions
@findex car, @r{introduced}
@findex cdr, @r{introduced}
* cons Exercise::
@end menu
-@node Strange Names, car & cdr, car cdr & cons, car cdr & cons
@ifnottex
+@node Strange Names
@unnumberedsec Strange Names
@end ifnottex
terms are used in the Emacs Lisp source code, we will use them in this
introduction.
-@node car & cdr, cons, Strange Names, car cdr & cons
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node car & cdr
@section @code{car} and @code{cdr}
The @sc{car} of a list is, quite simply, the first item in the list.
by array-specific functions. @xref{Arrays, , Arrays, elisp, The GNU
Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.)
-@node cons, nthcdr, car & cdr, car cdr & cons
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node cons
@section @code{cons}
@findex cons, @r{introduced}
* length:: How to find the length of a list.
@end menu
-@node Build a list, length, cons, cons
@ifnottex
+@node Build a list
@unnumberedsubsec Build a list
@end ifnottex
and the third example constructs a three element list by putting
@code{violet} in front of @code{daisy} and @code{buttercup}.
-@node length, , Build a list, cons
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node length
@subsection Find the Length of a List: @code{length}
@findex length
about subroutines.
@end ignore
-@node nthcdr, nth, cons, car cdr & cons
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node nthcdr
@section @code{nthcdr}
@findex nthcdr
@end group
@end smallexample
-@node nth, setcar, nthcdr, car cdr & cons
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node nth
@section @code{nth}
@findex nth
non-destructive. This is in sharp contrast to the @code{setcar} and
@code{setcdr} functions.
-@node setcar, setcdr, nth, car cdr & cons
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node setcar
@section @code{setcar}
@findex setcar
as @code{cons} would have; it replaced @code{antelope} with
@code{hippopotamus}; it @emph{changed} the list.
-@node setcdr, cons Exercise, setcar, car cdr & cons
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node setcdr
@section @code{setcdr}
@findex setcdr
@code{(horse cat dog)}. The @sc{cdr} of the list is changed from
@code{(cow sheep goat)} to @code{(cat dog)}.
-@node cons Exercise, , setcdr, car cdr & cons
+@node cons Exercise
@section Exercise
Construct a list of four birds by evaluating several expressions with
itself. Replace the first element of the list of four birds with a
fish. Replace the rest of that list with a list of other fish.
-@node Cutting & Storing Text, List Implementation, car cdr & cons, Top
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Cutting & Storing Text
@chapter Cutting and Storing Text
@cindex Cutting and storing text
@cindex Storing and cutting text
* search Exercises::
@end menu
-@node Storing Text, zap-to-char, Cutting & Storing Text, Cutting & Storing Text
@ifnottex
+@node Storing Text
@unnumberedsec Storing Text in a List
@end ifnottex
A subsequent chapter describes how text that is cut from the buffer is
retrieved. @xref{Yanking, , Yanking Text Back}.
-@node zap-to-char, kill-region, Storing Text, Cutting & Storing Text
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node zap-to-char
@section @code{zap-to-char}
@findex zap-to-char
* Summing up zap-to-char:: Using @code{point} and @code{search-forward}.
@end menu
-@node Complete zap-to-char, zap-to-char interactive, zap-to-char, zap-to-char
@ifnottex
+@node Complete zap-to-char
@unnumberedsubsec The Complete @code{zap-to-char} Implementation
@end ifnottex
The documentation is thorough. You do need to know the jargon meaning
of the word `kill'.
-@node zap-to-char interactive, zap-to-char body, Complete zap-to-char, zap-to-char
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node zap-to-char interactive
@subsection The @code{interactive} Expression
@need 800
message saying that the buffer is read-only. Also, the terminal may
beep or blink at you.
-@node zap-to-char body, search-forward, zap-to-char interactive, zap-to-char
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node zap-to-char body
@subsection The Body of @code{zap-to-char}
The body of the @code{zap-to-char} function contains the code that
@code{search-forward}, so we will look at @code{search-forward} and
then at @code{progn}.
-@node search-forward, progn, zap-to-char body, zap-to-char
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node search-forward
@subsection The @code{search-forward} Function
@findex search-forward
We will look at @code{progn} next.
-@node progn, Summing up zap-to-char, search-forward, zap-to-char
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node progn
@subsection The @code{progn} Special Form
@findex progn
returned by the @code{progn} expression and is passed to
@code{kill-region} as @code{kill-region}'s second argument.
-@node Summing up zap-to-char, , progn, zap-to-char
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Summing up zap-to-char
@subsection Summing up @code{zap-to-char}
Now that we have seen how @code{search-forward} and @code{progn} work,
a single argument to @code{kill-region} and returns the one value that
@code{kill-region} needs for its second argument.
-@node kill-region, copy-region-as-kill, zap-to-char, Cutting & Storing Text
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node kill-region
@section @code{kill-region}
@findex kill-region
* Lisp macro::
@end menu
-@node Complete kill-region, condition-case, kill-region, kill-region
@ifnottex
+@node Complete kill-region
@unnumberedsubsec The Complete @code{kill-region} Definition
@end ifnottex
@end smallexample
@end ignore
-@node condition-case, Lisp macro, Complete kill-region, kill-region
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node condition-case
@subsection @code{condition-case}
@findex condition-case
Initializing a Variable with @code{defvar} includes line 8350
@end ignore
-@node Lisp macro, , condition-case, kill-region
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Lisp macro
@subsection Lisp macro
@cindex Macro, lisp
@cindex Lisp macro
concatenates a copy of the newly clipped text to the just previously
clipped text in the kill ring.
-@node copy-region-as-kill, Digression into C, kill-region, Cutting & Storing Text
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node copy-region-as-kill
@section @code{copy-region-as-kill}
@findex copy-region-as-kill
@findex nthcdr
* copy-region-as-kill body:: The body of @code{copy-region-as-kill}.
@end menu
-@node Complete copy-region-as-kill, copy-region-as-kill body, copy-region-as-kill, copy-region-as-kill
@ifnottex
+@node Complete copy-region-as-kill
@unnumberedsubsec The complete @code{copy-region-as-kill} function definition
@end ifnottex
The body of @code{copy-region-as-kill} merits discussion in detail.
-@node copy-region-as-kill body, , Complete copy-region-as-kill, copy-region-as-kill
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node copy-region-as-kill body
@subsection The Body of @code{copy-region-as-kill}
The @code{copy-region-as-kill} function works in much the same way as
* kill-new function::
@end menu
-@node last-command & this-command, kill-append function, copy-region-as-kill body, copy-region-as-kill body
@ifnottex
+@node last-command & this-command
@unnumberedsubsubsec @code{last-command} and @code{this-command}
@end ifnottex
If the previous command was @code{kill-region}, then the Emacs Lisp
interpreter calls the @code{kill-append} function
-@node kill-append function, kill-new function, last-command & this-command, copy-region-as-kill body
+@node kill-append function
@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{kill-append} function
@findex kill-append
saved text. The @code{kill-append} function uses the @code{kill-new}
function which in turn uses the @code{setcar} function.
-@node kill-new function, , kill-append function, copy-region-as-kill body
+@node kill-new function
@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{kill-new} function
@findex kill-new
see Initializing a Variable with @code{defvar}
@end ignore
-@node Digression into C, defvar, copy-region-as-kill, Cutting & Storing Text
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Digression into C
@section Digression into C
@findex delete-and-extract-region
@cindex C, a digression into
simple; but hidden underneath is a great deal of complexity to make it
all work.
-@node defvar, cons & search-fwd Review, Digression into C, Cutting & Storing Text
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node defvar
@section Initializing a Variable with @code{defvar}
@findex defvar
@cindex Initializing a variable
* defvar and asterisk::
@end menu
-@node See variable current value, defvar and asterisk, defvar, defvar
@ifnottex
+@node See variable current value
@unnumberedsubsec Seeing the Current Value of a Variable
@end ifnottex
Succeeding lines should not be indented; otherwise they look odd when
you use @kbd{C-h v} (@code{describe-variable}).
-@node defvar and asterisk, , See variable current value, defvar
+@node defvar and asterisk
@subsection @code{defvar} and an asterisk
@findex defvar @r{for a user customizable variable}
@findex defvar @r{with an asterisk}
The GNU Emacs Manual}.)
@need 1250
-@node cons & search-fwd Review, search Exercises, defvar, Cutting & Storing Text
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node cons & search-fwd Review
@section Review
Here is a brief summary of some recently introduced functions.
(This is not an interactive command.)
@need 1500
-@node search Exercises, , cons & search-fwd Review, Cutting & Storing Text
+@node search Exercises
@section Searching Exercises
@itemize @bullet
print an appropriate message.
@end itemize
-@node List Implementation, Yanking, Cutting & Storing Text, Top
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node List Implementation
@chapter How Lists are Implemented
@cindex Lists in a computer
* List Exercise::
@end menu
-@node Lists diagrammed, Symbols as Chest, List Implementation, List Implementation
@ifnottex
+@node Lists diagrammed
@unnumberedsec Lists diagrammed
@end ifnottex
In summary, when a Lisp variable is set to a value, it is provided with
the address of the list to which the variable refers.
-@node Symbols as Chest, List Exercise, Lists diagrammed, List Implementation
+@node Symbols as Chest
@section Symbols as a Chest of Drawers
@cindex Symbols as a Chest of Drawers
@cindex Chest of Drawers, metaphor for a symbol
@end iftex
@end ifclear
-@node List Exercise, , Symbols as Chest, List Implementation
+@node List Exercise
@section Exercise
Set @code{flowers} to @code{violet} and @code{buttercup}. Cons two
@code{more-flowers}. Set the @sc{car} of @code{flowers} to a fish.
What does the @code{more-flowers} list now contain?
-@node Yanking, Loops & Recursion, List Implementation, Top
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Yanking
@chapter Yanking Text Back
@findex yank
@cindex Text retrieval
* yank nthcdr Exercises:: The @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} variable.
@end menu
-@node Kill Ring Overview, kill-ring-yank-pointer, Yanking, Yanking
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Kill Ring Overview
@section Kill Ring Overview
@cindex Kill ring overview
To begin to understand how @code{yank} and @code{yank-pop} work, it is
first necessary to look at the @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} variable.
-@node kill-ring-yank-pointer, yank nthcdr Exercises, Kill Ring Overview, Yanking
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node kill-ring-yank-pointer
@section The @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} Variable
@code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} is a variable, just as @code{kill-ring} is
@end ignore
@need 1500
-@node yank nthcdr Exercises, , kill-ring-yank-pointer, Yanking
+@node yank nthcdr Exercises
@section Exercises with @code{yank} and @code{nthcdr}
@itemize @bullet
to return the first, second, third, and fourth elements of a list.
@end itemize
-@node Loops & Recursion, Regexp Search, Yanking, Top
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Loops & Recursion
@chapter Loops and Recursion
@cindex Loops and recursion
@cindex Recursion and loops
* Looping exercise::
@end menu
-@node while, dolist dotimes, Loops & Recursion, Loops & Recursion
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node while
@section @code{while}
@cindex Loops
@findex while
* Decrementing Loop:: A loop with a decrementing counter.
@end menu
-@node Looping with while, Loop Example, while, while
@ifnottex
+@node Looping with while
@unnumberedsubsec Looping with @code{while}
@end ifnottex
but the consequences of what happens when the expressions in the loop
are repeatedly evaluated.
-@node Loop Example, print-elements-of-list, Looping with while, while
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Loop Example
@subsection A @code{while} Loop and a List
A common way to control a @code{while} loop is to test whether a list
goes through a list and prints each element of the list on a line of its
own.
-@node print-elements-of-list, Incrementing Loop, Loop Example, while
+@node print-elements-of-list
@subsection An Example: @code{print-elements-of-list}
@findex print-elements-of-list
@code{while} loop, and since @code{while} loops always return
@code{nil}, a @code{nil} is printed after the last element of the list.
-@node Incrementing Loop, Incrementing Loop Details, print-elements-of-list, while
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Incrementing Loop
@subsection A Loop with an Incrementing Counter
A loop is not useful unless it stops when it ought. Besides
have a counter---an expression that counts how many times the loop
repeats itself.
-@node Incrementing Loop Details, Decrementing Loop, Incrementing Loop, while
@ifnottex
+@node Incrementing Loop Details
@unnumberedsubsec Details of an Incrementing Loop
@end ifnottex
* Inc Example altogether:: Putting the function definition together.
@end menu
-@node Incrementing Example, Inc Example parts, Incrementing Loop Details, Incrementing Loop Details
+@node Incrementing Example
@unnumberedsubsubsec Example with incrementing counter
Suppose you are playing on the beach and decide to make a triangle of
complex loop the repetitive action might not be so simple, but it will
be simpler than doing everything all at once.
-@node Inc Example parts, Inc Example altogether, Incrementing Example, Incrementing Loop Details
+@node Inc Example parts
@unnumberedsubsubsec The parts of the function definition
The preceding analysis gives us the bones of our function definition:
(setq row-number (1+ row-number))
@end smallexample
-@node Inc Example altogether, , Inc Example parts, Incrementing Loop Details
+@node Inc Example altogether
@unnumberedsubsubsec Putting the function definition together
We have created the parts for the function definition; now we need to
The sum of the first four numbers is 10 and the sum of the first seven
numbers is 28.
-@node Decrementing Loop, , Incrementing Loop Details, while
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Decrementing Loop
@subsection Loop with a Decrementing Counter
Another common way to write a @code{while} loop is to write the test
* Dec Example altogether:: Putting the function definition together.
@end menu
-@node Decrementing Example, Dec Example parts, Decrementing Loop, Decrementing Loop
+@node Decrementing Example
@unnumberedsubsubsec Example with decrementing counter
To illustrate a loop with a decrementing counter, we will rewrite the
many pebbles are in the preceding row: it is one less than the number in
the row.
-@node Dec Example parts, Dec Example altogether, Decrementing Example, Decrementing Loop
+@node Dec Example parts
@unnumberedsubsubsec The parts of the function definition
We start with three variables: the total number of rows in the
(while (> number-of-pebbles-in-row 0)
@end smallexample
-@node Dec Example altogether, , Dec Example parts, Decrementing Loop
+@node Dec Example altogether
@unnumberedsubsubsec Putting the function definition together
We can put these expressions together to create a function definition
number of times.
@end enumerate
-@node dolist dotimes, Recursion, while, Loops & Recursion
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node dolist dotimes
@section Save your time: @code{dolist} and @code{dotimes}
In addition to @code{while}, both @code{dolist} and @code{dotimes}
* dotimes::
@end menu
-@node dolist, dotimes, dolist dotimes, dolist dotimes
-@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{dolist} Macro
+@node dolist
+@unnumberedsubsec The @code{dolist} Macro
@findex dolist
Suppose, for example, you want to reverse a list, so that
the expression; and repeats the loop. The result is returned in
@code{value}.
-@node dotimes, , dolist, dolist dotimes
-@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{dotimes} Macro
+@node dotimes
+@unnumberedsubsec The @code{dotimes} Macro
@findex dotimes
The @code{dotimes} macro is similar to @code{dolist}, except that it
@end group
@end smallexample
-@node Recursion, Looping exercise, dolist dotimes, Loops & Recursion
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Recursion
@section Recursion
@cindex Recursion
* No deferment solution::
@end menu
-@node Building Robots, Recursive Definition Parts, Recursion, Recursion
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Building Robots
@subsection Building Robots: Extending the Metaphor
@cindex Building robots
@cindex Robots, building
It is important that the arguments differ from one instance to the
next; otherwise, the process will never stop.
-@node Recursive Definition Parts, Recursion with list, Building Robots, Recursion
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Recursive Definition Parts
@subsection The Parts of a Recursive Definition
@cindex Parts of a Recursive Definition
@cindex Recursive Definition Parts
The do-again-test is sometimes called the @dfn{stop condition},
since it stops the repetitions when it tests false.
-@node Recursion with list, Recursive triangle function, Recursive Definition Parts, Recursion
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Recursion with list
@subsection Recursion with a List
The example of a @code{while} loop that printed the elements of a list
@end smallexample
@need 2000
-@node Recursive triangle function, Recursion with cond, Recursion with list, Recursion
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Recursive triangle function
@subsection Recursion in Place of a Counter
@findex triangle-recursively
* Recursive Example arg of 3 or 4::
@end menu
-@node Recursive Example arg of 1 or 2, Recursive Example arg of 3 or 4, Recursive triangle function, Recursive triangle function
@ifnottex
+@node Recursive Example arg of 1 or 2
@unnumberedsubsubsec An argument of 1 or 2
@end ifnottex
pebbles in it.
@end table
-@node Recursive Example arg of 3 or 4, , Recursive Example arg of 1 or 2, Recursive triangle function
+@node Recursive Example arg of 3 or 4
@unnumberedsubsubsec An argument of 3 or 4
Suppose that @code{triangle-recursively} is called with an argument of
There is a way around this kind of waiting, which we will discuss in
@ref{No Deferment, , Recursion without Deferments}.
-@node Recursion with cond, Recursive Patterns, Recursive triangle function, Recursion
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Recursion with cond
@subsection Recursion Example Using @code{cond}
@findex cond
number (triangle-using-cond (1- number)))} if the number is greater than
1.
-@node Recursive Patterns, No Deferment, Recursion with cond, Recursion
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Recursive Patterns
@subsection Recursive Patterns
@cindex Recursive Patterns
* Keep::
@end menu
-@node Every, Accumulate, Recursive Patterns, Recursive Patterns
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Every
@unnumberedsubsubsec Recursive Pattern: @emph{every}
@cindex Every, type of recursive pattern
@cindex Recursive pattern: every
@end itemize
@end itemize
-@node Accumulate, Keep, Every, Recursive Patterns
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Accumulate
@unnumberedsubsubsec Recursive Pattern: @emph{accumulate}
@cindex Accumulate, type of recursive pattern
@cindex Recursive pattern: accumulate
@xref{Files List, , Making a List of Files}, for an example of the
accumulate pattern.
-@node Keep, , Accumulate, Recursive Patterns
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Keep
@unnumberedsubsubsec Recursive Pattern: @emph{keep}
@cindex Keep, type of recursive pattern
@cindex Recursive pattern: keep
It goes without saying that you need not use @code{nil} as the test for
when to stop; and you can, of course, combine these patterns.
-@node No Deferment, No deferment solution, Recursive Patterns, Recursion
+@node No Deferment
@subsection Recursion without Deferments
@cindex Deferment in recursion
@cindex Recursion without Deferments
steps, as in this example. But it can be a problem when there are
more steps.
-@node No deferment solution, , No Deferment, Recursion
+@node No deferment solution
@subsection No Deferment Solution
@cindex No deferment solution
@cindex Defermentless solution
many resources in a computer.
@need 1500
-@node Looping exercise, , Recursion, Loops & Recursion
+@node Looping exercise
@section Looping Exercise
@itemize @bullet
@end iftex
@end itemize
-@node Regexp Search, Counting Words, Loops & Recursion, Top
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Regexp Search
@chapter Regular Expression Searches
@cindex Searches, illustrating
@cindex Regular expression searches
* re-search Exercises::
@end menu
-@node sentence-end, re-search-forward, Regexp Search, Regexp Search
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node sentence-end
@section The Regular Expression for @code{sentence-end}
@findex sentence-end
@end table
@end ignore
-@node re-search-forward, forward-sentence, sentence-end, Regexp Search
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node re-search-forward
@section The @code{re-search-forward} Function
@findex re-search-forward
function will return @code{nil}; and the repeat count will be provided
by the argument to the @code{forward-sentence} function.
-@node forward-sentence, forward-paragraph, re-search-forward, Regexp Search
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node forward-sentence
@section @code{forward-sentence}
@findex forward-sentence
* fwd-sentence re-search:: A regular expression search.
@end menu
-@node Complete forward-sentence, fwd-sentence while loops, forward-sentence, forward-sentence
@ifnottex
+@node Complete forward-sentence
@unnumberedsubsec Complete @code{forward-sentence} function definition
@end ifnottex
equivalents. The @code{sentence-end} variable is set by the
@code{sentence-end} function.
-@node fwd-sentence while loops, fwd-sentence re-search, Complete forward-sentence, forward-sentence
+@node fwd-sentence while loops
@unnumberedsubsec The @code{while} loops
Two @code{while} loops follow. The first @code{while} has a
the @code{forward-sentence} function buried here, but this is a common
way this kind of operation is carried out in Lisp.
-@node fwd-sentence re-search, , fwd-sentence while loops, forward-sentence
+@node fwd-sentence re-search
@unnumberedsubsec The regular expression search
The @code{re-search-forward} function searches for the end of the
test of an @code{if} expression, is handy. You will see or write code
incorporating this pattern often.
-@node forward-paragraph, etags, forward-sentence, Regexp Search
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node forward-paragraph
@section @code{forward-paragraph}: a Goldmine of Functions
@findex forward-paragraph
* fwd-para while:: The forward motion @code{while} loop.
@end menu
-@node forward-paragraph in brief, fwd-para let, forward-paragraph, forward-paragraph
@ifnottex
+@node forward-paragraph in brief
@unnumberedsubsec Shortened @code{forward-paragraph} function definition
@end ifnottex
@code{forward-sentence} function}.) Now we reach the end of the
familiar part of this function.
-@node fwd-para let, fwd-para while, forward-paragraph in brief, forward-paragraph
+@node fwd-para let
@unnumberedsubsec The @code{let*} expression
The next line of the @code{forward-paragraph} function begins a
negative argument and is therefore moving backwards. We will skip this
section.
-@node fwd-para while, , fwd-para let, forward-paragraph
+@node fwd-para while
@unnumberedsubsec The forward motion @code{while} loop
The second part of the body of the @code{let*} deals with forward
your sources! Without them, you are like a person who tries to drive
a car with his eyes shut!)
-@node etags, Regexp Review, forward-paragraph, Regexp Search
+@node etags
@section Create Your Own @file{TAGS} File
@findex etags
@cindex @file{TAGS} file, create own
For more information, see @ref{Tags, , Tag Tables, emacs, The GNU Emacs
Manual}.
-@node Regexp Review, re-search Exercises, etags, Regexp Search
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Regexp Review
@section Review
Here is a brief summary of some recently introduced functions.
@end table
@need 1500
-@node re-search Exercises, , Regexp Review, Regexp Search
+@node re-search Exercises
@section Exercises with @code{re-search-forward}
@itemize @bullet
regexps. @xref{the-the, , @code{the-the} Duplicated Words Function}.
@end itemize
-@node Counting Words, Words in a defun, Regexp Search, Top
+@node Counting Words
@chapter Counting: Repetition and Regexps
@cindex Repetition for word counting
@cindex Regular expressions for word counting
* Counting Exercise::
@end menu
-@node Why Count Words, @value{COUNT-WORDS}, Counting Words, Counting Words
@ifnottex
+@node Why Count Words
@unnumberedsec Counting words
@end ifnottex
some examples, which you may wish to compare with the standard Emacs
command, @code{count-words-region}.
-@node @value{COUNT-WORDS}, recursive-count-words, Why Count Words, Counting Words
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node @value{COUNT-WORDS}
@section The @code{@value{COUNT-WORDS}} Function
@findex @value{COUNT-WORDS}
* Whitespace Bug:: The Whitespace Bug in @code{@value{COUNT-WORDS}}.
@end menu
-@node Design @value{COUNT-WORDS}, Whitespace Bug, @value{COUNT-WORDS}, @value{COUNT-WORDS}
@ifnottex
+@node Design @value{COUNT-WORDS}
@unnumberedsubsec Designing @code{@value{COUNT-WORDS}}
@end ifnottex
@noindent
As written, the function works, but not in all circumstances.
-@node Whitespace Bug, , Design @value{COUNT-WORDS}, @value{COUNT-WORDS}
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Whitespace Bug
@subsection The Whitespace Bug in @code{@value{COUNT-WORDS}}
The @code{@value{COUNT-WORDS}} command described in the preceding
@end group
@end smallexample
-@node recursive-count-words, Counting Exercise, @value{COUNT-WORDS}, Counting Words
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node recursive-count-words
@section Count Words Recursively
@cindex Count words recursively
@cindex Recursively counting words
@end group
@end smallexample
-@node Counting Exercise, , recursive-count-words, Counting Words
+@node Counting Exercise
@section Exercise: Counting Punctuation
Using a @code{while} loop, write a function to count the number of
punctuation marks in a region---period, comma, semicolon, colon,
exclamation mark, and question mark. Do the same using recursion.
-@node Words in a defun, Readying a Graph, Counting Words, Top
+@node Words in a defun
@chapter Counting Words in a @code{defun}
@cindex Counting words in a @code{defun}
@cindex Word counting in a @code{defun}
* Prepare the data:: Prepare the data for display in a graph.
@end menu
-@node Divide and Conquer, Words and Symbols, Words in a defun, Words in a defun
@ifnottex
+@node Divide and Conquer
@unnumberedsec Divide and Conquer
@end ifnottex
This is quite a project! But if we take each step slowly, it will not
be difficult.
-@node Words and Symbols, Syntax, Divide and Conquer, Words in a defun
+@node Words and Symbols
@section What to Count?
@cindex Words and symbols in defun
characters' brings us to the issue of syntax, which is worth a section
of its own.
-@node Syntax, count-words-in-defun, Words and Symbols, Words in a defun
+@node Syntax
@section What Constitutes a Word or Symbol?
@cindex Syntax categories and tables
"\\(\\w\\|\\s_\\)+[^ \t\n]*[ \t\n]*"
@end smallexample
-@node count-words-in-defun, Several defuns, Syntax, Words in a defun
+@node count-words-in-defun
@section The @code{count-words-in-defun} Function
@cindex Counting words in a @code{defun}
The next problem is to count the numbers of words and symbols in
several definitions within a single file.
-@node Several defuns, Find a File, count-words-in-defun, Words in a defun
+@node Several defuns
@section Count Several @code{defuns} Within a File
A file such as @file{simple.el} may have a hundred or more function
Finding a file is a new process that we have not yet discussed.
-@node Find a File, lengths-list-file, Several defuns, Words in a defun
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Find a File
@section Find a File
@cindex Find a File
The task is easy: use @code{find-file-noselect} and @code{set-buffer}.
-@node lengths-list-file, Several files, Find a File, Words in a defun
+@node lengths-list-file
@section @code{lengths-list-file} in Detail
The core of the @code{lengths-list-file} function is a @code{while}
Note that the length of the last definition in the file is first in
the list.
-@node Several files, Several files recursively, lengths-list-file, Words in a defun
+@node Several files
@section Count Words in @code{defuns} in Different Files
In the previous section, we created a function that returns a list of
* append:: Attach one list to another.
@end menu
-@node lengths-list-many-files, append, Several files, Several files
@ifnottex
+@node lengths-list-many-files
@unnumberedsubsec Determine the lengths of @code{defuns}
@end ifnottex
unstudied function @code{append}, which merits a short section for
itself.
-@node append, , lengths-list-many-files, Several files
+@node append
@subsection The @code{append} Function
@need 800
((1 2 3 4) 5 6 7 8)
@end smallexample
-@node Several files recursively, Prepare the data, Several files, Words in a defun
+@node Several files recursively
@section Recursively Count Words in Different Files
Besides a @code{while} loop, you can work on each of a list of files
The next step is to prepare the data in the list for display in a graph.
-@node Prepare the data, , Several files recursively, Words in a defun
+@node Prepare the data
@section Prepare the Data for Display in a Graph
The @code{recursive-lengths-list-many-files} function returns a list
* Counting function definitions::
@end menu
-@node Data for Display in Detail, Sorting, Prepare the data, Prepare the data
@ifnottex
+@node Data for Display in Detail
@unnumberedsubsec The Data for Display in Detail
@end ifnottex
number, and thereby determine the largest and smallest length range
that we will need.
-@node Sorting, Files List, Data for Display in Detail, Prepare the data
+@node Sorting
@subsection Sorting Lists
@findex sort
quoted, since the expression must be evaluated so as to produce the
list that is passed to @code{sort}.)
-@node Files List, Counting function definitions, Sorting, Prepare the data
+@node Files List
@subsection Making a List of Files
The @code{recursive-lengths-list-many-files} function requires a list
(insert (format "%s" (current-time-string))))
@end ignore
-@node Counting function definitions, , Files List, Prepare the data
+@node Counting function definitions
@subsection Counting function definitions
Our immediate goal is to generate a list that tells us how many
of 200 or larger.
@c The next step is to turn this numbers' list into a graph.
-@node Readying a Graph, Emacs Initialization, Words in a defun, Top
+@node Readying a Graph
@chapter Readying a Graph
@cindex Readying a graph
@cindex Graph prototype
* Line Graph Exercise::
@end menu
-@node Columns of a graph, graph-body-print, Readying a Graph, Readying a Graph
@ifnottex
+@node Columns of a graph
@unnumberedsec Printing the Columns of a Graph
@end ifnottex
This prints the body of a graph, not the labels for the vertical and
horizontal axes, so we can call this @code{graph-body-print}.
-@node graph-body-print, recursive-graph-body-print, Columns of a graph, Readying a Graph
+@node graph-body-print
@section The @code{graph-body-print} Function
@findex graph-body-print
@end group
@end smallexample
-@node recursive-graph-body-print, Printed Axes, graph-body-print, Readying a Graph
+@node recursive-graph-body-print
@section The @code{recursive-graph-body-print} Function
@findex recursive-graph-body-print
Either of these two functions, @code{graph-body-print} or
@code{recursive-graph-body-print}, create the body of a graph.
-@node Printed Axes, Line Graph Exercise, recursive-graph-body-print, Readying a Graph
+@node Printed Axes
@section Need for Printed Axes
A graph needs printed axes, so you can orient yourself. For a do-once
do not contain much new material, I have placed their description in
an appendix. @xref{Full Graph, , A Graph with Labeled Axes}.
-@node Line Graph Exercise, , Printed Axes, Readying a Graph
+@node Line Graph Exercise
@section Exercise
Write a line graph version of the graph printing functions.
-@node Emacs Initialization, Debugging, Readying a Graph, Top
+@node Emacs Initialization
@chapter Your @file{.emacs} File
@cindex @file{.emacs} file
@cindex Customizing your @file{.emacs} file
* Mode Line:: How to customize your mode line.
@end menu
-@node Default Configuration, Site-wide Init, Emacs Initialization, Emacs Initialization
@ifnottex
+@node Default Configuration
@unnumberedsec Emacs's Default Configuration
@end ifnottex
@ref{Init File, , The Init File, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference
Manual}.
-@node Site-wide Init, defcustom, Default Configuration, Emacs Initialization
+@node Site-wide Init
@section Site-wide Initialization Files
@cindex @file{default.el} init file
what to put into your own @file{.emacs} file, or into a site-wide
initialization file.
-@node defcustom, Beginning a .emacs File, Site-wide Init, Emacs Initialization
+@node defcustom
@section Specifying Variables using @code{defcustom}
@findex defcustom
set by @code{defconst}. (You can change it; the value set is a
variable; but please do not.)
-@node Beginning a .emacs File, Text and Auto-fill, defcustom, Emacs Initialization
+@node Beginning a .emacs File
@section Beginning a @file{.emacs} File
@cindex @file{.emacs} file, beginning of
about Mode help or the conventions for comments---but I was able to
remember to look here to remind myself.
-@node Text and Auto-fill, Mail Aliases, Beginning a .emacs File, Emacs Initialization
+@node Text and Auto-fill
@section Text and Auto Fill Mode
Now we come to the part that `turns on' Text mode and
(setq colon-double-space t)
@end smallexample
-@node Mail Aliases, Indent Tabs Mode, Text and Auto-fill, Emacs Initialization
+@node Mail Aliases
@section Mail Aliases
Here is a @code{setq} that `turns on' mail aliases, along with more
When you write a message to George, address it to @samp{geo}; the
mailer will automatically expand @samp{geo} to the full address.
-@node Indent Tabs Mode, Keybindings, Mail Aliases, Emacs Initialization
+@node Indent Tabs Mode
@section Indent Tabs Mode
@cindex Tabs, preventing
@findex indent-tabs-mode
@end iftex
@need 1700
-@node Keybindings, Keymaps, Indent Tabs Mode, Emacs Initialization
+@node Keybindings
@section Some Keybindings
Now for some personal keybindings:
command, which not only lists the buffers,
but moves point into that window.
-@node Keymaps, Loading Files, Keybindings, Emacs Initialization
+@node Keymaps
@section Keymaps
@cindex Keymaps
@cindex Rebinding keys
Manual}, and @ref{Keymaps, , Keymaps, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp
Reference Manual}, for more information about keymaps.
-@node Loading Files, Autoload, Keymaps, Emacs Initialization
+@node Loading Files
@section Loading Files
@cindex Loading files
@c findex load
Emacs, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for information on the
distinction between @code{load-library} and this command.
-@node Autoload, Simple Extension, Loading Files, Emacs Initialization
+@node Autoload
@section Autoloading
@findex autoload
@xref{Autoload, , Autoload, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference
Manual}, for more information.
-@node Simple Extension, X11 Colors, Autoload, Emacs Initialization
+@node Simple Extension
@section A Simple Extension: @code{line-to-top-of-window}
@findex line-to-top-of-window
@cindex Simple extension in @file{.emacs} file
@end group
@end smallexample
-@node X11 Colors, Miscellaneous, Simple Extension, Emacs Initialization
+@node X11 Colors
@section X11 Colors
You can specify colors when you use Emacs with the MIT X Windowing
@end smallexample
@need 1700
-@node Miscellaneous, Mode Line, X11 Colors, Emacs Initialization
+@node Miscellaneous
@section Miscellaneous Settings for a @file{.emacs} File
@need 1250
@end smallexample
@need 1700
-@node Mode Line, , Miscellaneous, Emacs Initialization
+@node Mode Line
@section A Modified Mode Line
@vindex mode-line-format
@cindex Mode line format
@file{~/.emacs} initialization file. A plain, default Emacs. Nothing
more.
-@node Debugging, Conclusion, Emacs Initialization, Top
+@node Debugging
@chapter Debugging
@cindex debugging
* Debugging Exercises::
@end menu
-@node debug, debug-on-entry, Debugging, Debugging
+@node debug
@section @code{debug}
@findex debug
You can correct the mistake, re-evaluate the function definition, and
then run your test again.
-@node debug-on-entry, debug-on-quit, debug, Debugging
+@node debug-on-entry
@section @code{debug-on-entry}
@findex debug-on-entry
@noindent
(If you are reading this in Info, cancel @code{debug-on-entry} now.)
-@node debug-on-quit, edebug, debug-on-entry, Debugging
+@node debug-on-quit
@section @code{debug-on-quit} and @code{(debug)}
In addition to setting @code{debug-on-error} or calling @code{debug-on-entry},
The @code{debug} function is described in detail in @ref{Debugger, ,
The Lisp Debugger, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.
-@node edebug, Debugging Exercises, debug-on-quit, Debugging
+@node edebug
@section The @code{edebug} Source Level Debugger
@cindex Source level debugger
@findex edebug
Lisp Reference Manual}.
@need 1500
-@node Debugging Exercises, , edebug, Debugging
+@node Debugging Exercises
@section Debugging Exercises
@itemize @bullet
stopping point.
@end itemize
-@node Conclusion, the-the, Debugging, Top
+@node Conclusion
@chapter Conclusion
We have now reached the end of this Introduction. You have now
@c ================ Appendix ================
-@node the-the, Kill Ring, Conclusion, Top
+@node the-the
@appendix The @code{the-the} Function
@findex the-the
@cindex Duplicated words function
You can substitute the other regular expressions shown above in the
function definition and try each of them on this list.
-@node Kill Ring, Full Graph, the-the, Top
+@node Kill Ring
@appendix Handling the Kill Ring
@cindex Kill ring handling
@cindex Handling the kill ring
* ring file::
@end menu
-@node What the Kill Ring Does, current-kill, Kill Ring, Kill Ring
@ifnottex
+@node What the Kill Ring Does
@unnumberedsec What the Kill Ring Does
@end ifnottex
(setq kill-ring-max old-kill-ring-max)
@end smallexample
-@node current-kill, yank, What the Kill Ring Does, Kill Ring
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node current-kill
@appendixsec The @code{current-kill} Function
@findex current-kill
* Understanding current-kill::
@end menu
-@node Code for current-kill, Understanding current-kill, current-kill, current-kill
@ifnottex
+@node Code for current-kill
@unnumberedsubsec The code for @code{current-kill}
@end ifnottex
(setq kill-ring-yank-pointer kill-ring)
@end smallexample
-@node Understanding current-kill, , Code for current-kill, current-kill
@ifnottex
+@node Understanding current-kill
@unnumberedsubsec @code{current-kill} in Outline
@end ifnottex
* Determining the Element::
@end menu
-@node Body of current-kill, Digression concerning error, Understanding current-kill, Understanding current-kill
@ifnottex
+@node Body of current-kill
@unnumberedsubsubsec The Body of @code{current-kill}
@end ifnottex
list. Finally, another expression returns the first element of the
list even if the @code{do-not-move} argument is true.
-@node Digression concerning error, Determining the Element, Body of current-kill, Understanding current-kill
@ifnottex
+@node Digression concerning error
@unnumberedsubsubsec Digression about the word `error'
@end ifnottex
takes the same steps as it does when there is an `error', a term such as
`cancel' would have a clearer connotation.
-@node Determining the Element, , Digression concerning error, Understanding current-kill
@ifnottex
+@node Determining the Element
@unnumberedsubsubsec Determining the Element
@end ifnottex
@ref{defun, , The @code{defun} Special Form}.)
@end ignore
-@node yank, yank-pop, current-kill, Kill Ring
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node yank
@appendixsec @code{yank}
@findex yank
The last part of the function tells what to do when it succeeds.
-@node yank-pop, ring file, yank, Kill Ring
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node yank-pop
@appendixsec @code{yank-pop}
@findex yank-pop
There is more, but that is the hardest part.
-@node ring file, , yank-pop, Kill Ring
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node ring file
@appendixsec The @file{ring.el} File
@cindex @file{ring.el} file
as @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} do not use this library, possibly
because they were written earlier.
-@node Full Graph, Free Software and Free Manuals, Kill Ring, Top
+@node Full Graph
@appendix A Graph with Labeled Axes
Printed axes help you understand a graph. They convey scale. In an
* Print Whole Graph:: The function to print a complete graph.
@end menu
-@node Labeled Example, print-graph Varlist, Full Graph, Full Graph
@ifnottex
+@node Labeled Example
@unnumberedsec Labeled Example Graph
@end ifnottex
We can work on each part of the @code{print-graph} function definition
in turn.
-@node print-graph Varlist, print-Y-axis, Labeled Example, Full Graph
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node print-graph Varlist
@appendixsec The @code{print-graph} Varlist
@cindex @code{print-graph} varlist
As we shall see, this expression is not quite right.
@need 2000
-@node print-Y-axis, print-X-axis, print-graph Varlist, Full Graph
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node print-Y-axis
@appendixsec The @code{print-Y-axis} Function
@cindex Axis, print vertical
@cindex Y axis printing
* print-Y-axis Penultimate:: A not quite final version.
@end menu
-@node print-Y-axis in Detail, Height of label, print-Y-axis, print-Y-axis
@ifnottex
+@node print-Y-axis in Detail
@unnumberedsubsec The @code{print-Y-axis} Function in Detail
@end ifnottex
the fifth line from the bottom and on every line that is a multiple of
five.
-@node Height of label, Compute a Remainder, print-Y-axis in Detail, print-Y-axis
@ifnottex
+@node Height of label
@unnumberedsubsec What height should the label be?
@end ifnottex
once, with a remainder of two. However, five goes into ten twice,
with no remainder: ten is an integral multiple of five.
-@node Compute a Remainder, Y Axis Element, Height of label, print-Y-axis
+@node Compute a Remainder
@appendixsubsec Side Trip: Compute a Remainder
@findex % @r{(remainder function)}
final value. @xref{fwd-para let, , The @code{let*} expression}, for
more about @code{let*}.)
-@node Y Axis Element, Y-axis-column, Compute a Remainder, print-Y-axis
+@node Y Axis Element
@appendixsubsec Construct a Y Axis Element
When we print the vertical axis, we want to insert strings such as
expression, to convert the number to a string that is concatenated
with the leading spaces and the tic mark.
-@node Y-axis-column, print-Y-axis Penultimate, Y Axis Element, print-Y-axis
+@node Y-axis-column
@appendixsubsec Create a Y Axis Column
The preceding functions provide all the tools needed to construct a
consists of the number one followed by a tic mark.
@need 2000
-@node print-Y-axis Penultimate, , Y-axis-column, print-Y-axis
+@node print-Y-axis Penultimate
@appendixsubsec The Not Quite Final Version of @code{print-Y-axis}
The list constructed by the @code{Y-axis-column} function is passed to
thereby getting rid of what might appear as a bug.)
@need 2000
-@node print-X-axis, Print Whole Graph, print-Y-axis, Full Graph
+@node print-X-axis
@appendixsec The @code{print-X-axis} Function
@cindex Axis, print horizontal
@cindex X axis printing
* X Axis Tic Marks:: Create tic marks for the horizontal axis.
@end menu
-@node Similarities differences, X Axis Tic Marks, print-X-axis, print-X-axis
@ifnottex
+@node Similarities differences
@unnumberedsubsec Similarities and differences
@end ifnottex
@code{print-X-axis-numbered-line}.
@end enumerate
-@node X Axis Tic Marks, , Similarities differences, print-X-axis
+@node X Axis Tic Marks
@appendixsubsec X Axis Tic Marks
The first function should print the X axis tic marks. We must specify
@end group
@end smallexample
-@node Print Whole Graph, , print-X-axis, Full Graph
+@node Print Whole Graph
@appendixsec Printing the Whole Graph
@cindex Printing the whole graph
@cindex Whole graph printing
* Final printed graph:: The graph itself!
@end menu
-@node The final version, Test print-graph, Print Whole Graph, Print Whole Graph
@ifnottex
+@node The final version
@unnumberedsubsec Changes for the Final Version
@end ifnottex
@end group
@end smallexample
-@node Test print-graph, Graphing words in defuns, The final version, Print Whole Graph
+@node Test print-graph
@appendixsubsec Testing @code{print-graph}
@need 1250
feature? If you think it is a bug, and should be a `1' instead, (or
even a `0'), you can modify the sources.)
-@node Graphing words in defuns, lambda, Test print-graph, Print Whole Graph
+@node Graphing words in defuns
@appendixsubsec Graphing Numbers of Words and Symbols
Now for the graph for which all this code was written: a graph that
@end group
@end smallexample
-@node lambda, mapcar, Graphing words in defuns, Print Whole Graph
+@node lambda
@appendixsubsec A @code{lambda} Expression: Useful Anonymity
@cindex Anonymous function
@findex lambda
Lisp Reference Manual}, for more about @code{lambda}. Lisp and lambda
expressions derive from the Lambda Calculus.
-@node mapcar, Another Bug, lambda, Print Whole Graph
+@node mapcar
@appendixsubsec The @code{mapcar} Function
@findex mapcar
50 defuns had that many words or symbols---but not necessarily meaning
that none had that many words or symbols.)
-@node Another Bug, Final printed graph, mapcar, Print Whole Graph
+@node Another Bug
@appendixsubsec Another Bug @dots{} Most Insidious
@cindex Bug, most insidious type
@cindex Insidious type of bug
@end ignore
@page
-@node Final printed graph, , Another Bug, Print Whole Graph
+@node Final printed graph
@appendixsubsec The Printed Graph
When made and installed, you can call the @code{print-graph} command
@noindent
The largest group of functions contain 10 -- 19 words and symbols each.
-@node Free Software and Free Manuals, GNU Free Documentation License, Full Graph, Top
+@node Free Software and Free Manuals
@appendix Free Software and Free Manuals
@strong{by Richard M. Stallman}
that lists free books available from other publishers:@*
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/doc/other-free-books.html}
-@node GNU Free Documentation License, Index, Free Software and Free Manuals, Top
+@node GNU Free Documentation License
@appendix GNU Free Documentation License
@cindex FDL, GNU Free Documentation License
@include doclicense.texi
-@node Index, About the Author, GNU Free Documentation License, Top
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@node Index
@unnumbered Index
@ignore
@end iftex
@ifnottex
-@node About the Author, , Index, Top
+@node About the Author
@unnumbered About the Author
@end ifnottex
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