--- /dev/null
-VC searches for RCS headers in working files (like `$Id$') and
+ GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes. 1992.
+ Copyright (C) 1993, 1994, 1995, 2001, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ See the end for copying conditions.
+
+ This file is about changes in emacs versions 19.
+
+
+ \f
+ * Emacs 19.34 is a bug-fix release with no user-visible changes.
+
+
+ \f
+ * Changes in Emacs 19.33.
+
+ ** Bibtex mode no longer turns on Auto Fill automatically. (No major
+ mode should do that--it is the user's choice.)
+
+ ** The variable normal-auto-fill-function specifies the function to
+ use for auto-fill-function, if and when Auto Fill is turned on.
+ Major modes can set this locally to alter how Auto Fill works.
+
+
+ \f
+ * Editing Changes in Emacs 19.32
+
+ ** C-x f with no argument now signals an error.
+ To set the fill column at the current column, use C-u C-x f.
+
+ ** Expanding dynamic abbrevs with M-/ is now smarter about case
+ conversion. If you type the abbreviation with mixed case, and it
+ matches the beginning of the expansion including case, then the
+ expansion is copied verbatim. Using SPC M-/ to copy an additional
+ word always copies it verbatim except when the previous copied word is
+ all caps.
+
+ ** On a non-windowing terminal, which can display only one Emacs frame
+ at a time, creating a new frame with C-x 5 2 also selects that frame.
+
+ When using a display that can show multiple frames at once, C-x 5 2
+ does make the frame visible, but does not select it. This is the same
+ as in previous Emacs versions.
+
+ ** You can use C-x 5 2 to create multiple frames on MSDOS, just as on a
+ non-X terminal on Unix. Of course, only one frame is visible at any
+ time, since your terminal doesn't have the ability to display multiple
+ frames.
+
+ ** On Windows, set win32-pass-alt-to-system to a non-nil value
+ if you would like tapping the Alt key to invoke the Windows menu.
+ This feature is not enabled by default; since the Alt key is also the
+ Meta key, it is too easy and painful to activate this feature by
+ accident.
+
+ ** The command apply-macro-to-region-lines repeats the last defined
+ keyboard macro once for each complete line within the current region.
+ It does this line by line, by moving point to the beginning of that
+ line and then executing the macro.
+
+ This command is not new, but was never documented before.
+
+ ** You can now use Mouse-1 to place the region around a string constant
+ (something surrounded by doublequote characters or other delimiter
+ characters of like syntax) by double-clicking on one of the delimiting
+ characters.
+
+ ** Font Lock mode
+
+ *** Font Lock support modes
+
+ Font Lock can be configured to use Fast Lock mode and Lazy Lock mode (see
+ below) in a flexible way. Rather than adding the appropriate function to the
+ hook font-lock-mode-hook, you can use the new variable font-lock-support-mode
+ to control which modes have Fast Lock mode or Lazy Lock mode turned on when
+ Font Lock mode is enabled.
+
+ For example, to use Fast Lock mode when Font Lock mode is turned on, put:
+
+ (setq font-lock-support-mode 'fast-lock-mode)
+
+ in your ~/.emacs.
+
+ *** lazy-lock
+
+ The lazy-lock package speeds up Font Lock mode by making fontification occur
+ only when necessary, such as when a previously unfontified part of the buffer
+ becomes visible in a window. When you create a buffer with Font Lock mode and
+ Lazy Lock mode turned on, the buffer is not fontified. When certain events
+ occur (such as scrolling), Lazy Lock makes sure that the visible parts of the
+ buffer are fontified. Lazy Lock also defers on-the-fly fontification until
+ Emacs has been idle for a given amount of time.
+
+ To use this package, put in your ~/.emacs:
+
+ (setq font-lock-support-mode 'lazy-lock-mode)
+
+ To control the package behavior, see the documentation for `lazy-lock-mode'.
+
+ ** Changes in BibTeX mode.
+
+ *** For all entries allow spaces and tabs between opening brace or
+ paren and key.
+
+ *** Non-escaped double-quoted characters (as in `Sch"of') are now
+ supported.
+
+ ** Gnus changes.
+
+ Gnus, the Emacs news reader, has undergone further rewriting. Many new
+ commands and variables have been added. There should be no
+ significant incompatibilities between this Gnus version and the
+ previously released version, except in the message composition area.
+
+ Below is a list of the more user-visible changes. Coding changes
+ between Gnus 5.1 and 5.2 are more extensive.
+
+ *** A new message composition mode is used. All old customization
+ variables for mail-mode, rnews-reply-mode and gnus-msg are now
+ obsolete.
+
+ *** Gnus is now able to generate "sparse" threads -- threads where
+ missing articles are represented by empty nodes.
+
+ (setq gnus-build-sparse-threads 'some)
+
+ *** Outgoing articles are stored on a special archive server.
+
+ To disable this: (setq gnus-message-archive-group nil)
+
+ *** Partial thread regeneration now happens when articles are
+ referred.
+
+ *** Gnus can make use of GroupLens predictions:
+
+ (setq gnus-use-grouplens t)
+
+ *** A trn-line tree buffer can be displayed.
+
+ (setq gnus-use-trees t)
+
+ *** An nn-like pick-and-read minor mode is available for the summary
+ buffers.
+
+ (add-hook 'gnus-summary-mode-hook 'gnus-pick-mode)
+
+ *** In binary groups you can use a special binary minor mode:
+
+ `M-x gnus-binary-mode'
+
+ *** Groups can be grouped in a folding topic hierarchy.
+
+ (add-hook 'gnus-group-mode-hook 'gnus-topic-mode)
+
+ *** Gnus can re-send and bounce mail.
+
+ Use the `S D r' and `S D b'.
+
+ *** Groups can now have a score, and bubbling based on entry frequency
+ is possible.
+
+ (add-hook 'gnus-summary-exit-hook 'gnus-summary-bubble-group)
+
+ *** Groups can be process-marked, and commands can be performed on
+ groups of groups.
+
+ *** Caching is possible in virtual groups.
+
+ *** nndoc now understands all kinds of digests, mail boxes, rnews news
+ batches, ClariNet briefs collections, and just about everything else.
+
+ *** Gnus has a new backend (nnsoup) to create/read SOUP packets.
+
+ *** The Gnus cache is much faster.
+
+ *** Groups can be sorted according to many criteria.
+
+ For instance: (setq gnus-group-sort-function 'gnus-group-sort-by-rank)
+
+ *** New group parameters have been introduced to set list-address and
+ expiration times.
+
+ *** All formatting specs allow specifying faces to be used.
+
+ *** There are several more commands for setting/removing/acting on
+ process marked articles on the `M P' submap.
+
+ *** The summary buffer can be limited to show parts of the available
+ articles based on a wide range of criteria. These commands have been
+ bound to keys on the `/' submap.
+
+ *** Articles can be made persistent -- as an alternative to saving
+ articles with the `*' command.
+
+ *** All functions for hiding article elements are now toggles.
+
+ *** Article headers can be buttonized.
+
+ (add-hook 'gnus-article-display-hook 'gnus-article-add-buttons-to-head)
+
+ *** All mail backends support fetching articles by Message-ID.
+
+ *** Duplicate mail can now be treated properly. See the
+ `nnmail-treat-duplicates' variable.
+
+ *** All summary mode commands are available directly from the article
+ buffer.
+
+ *** Frames can be part of `gnus-buffer-configuration'.
+
+ *** Mail can be re-scanned by a daemonic process.
+
+ *** Gnus can make use of NoCeM files to filter spam.
+
+ (setq gnus-use-nocem t)
+
+ *** Groups can be made permanently visible.
+
+ (setq gnus-permanently-visible-groups "^nnml:")
+
+ *** Many new hooks have been introduced to make customizing easier.
+
+ *** Gnus respects the Mail-Copies-To header.
+
+ *** Threads can be gathered by looking at the References header.
+
+ (setq gnus-summary-thread-gathering-function
+ 'gnus-gather-threads-by-references)
+
+ *** Read articles can be stored in a special backlog buffer to avoid
+ refetching.
+
+ (setq gnus-keep-backlog 50)
+
+ *** A clean copy of the current article is always stored in a separate
+ buffer to allow easier treatment.
+
+ *** Gnus can suggest where to save articles. See `gnus-split-methods'.
+
+ *** Gnus doesn't have to do as much prompting when saving.
+
+ (setq gnus-prompt-before-saving t)
+
+ *** gnus-uu can view decoded files asynchronously while fetching
+ articles.
+
+ (setq gnus-uu-grabbed-file-functions 'gnus-uu-grab-view)
+
+ *** Filling in the article buffer now works properly on cited text.
+
+ *** Hiding cited text adds buttons to toggle hiding, and how much
+ cited text to hide is now customizable.
+
+ (setq gnus-cited-lines-visible 2)
+
+ *** Boring headers can be hidden.
+
+ (add-hook 'gnus-article-display-hook 'gnus-article-hide-boring-headers)
+
+ *** Default scoring values can now be set from the menu bar.
+
+ *** Further syntax checking of outgoing articles have been added.
+
+ The Gnus manual has been expanded. It explains all these new features
+ in greater detail.
+
+ \f
+ * Lisp Changes in Emacs 19.32
+
+ ** The function set-visited-file-name now accepts an optional
+ second argument NO-QUERY. If it is non-nil, then the user is not
+ asked for confirmation in the case where the specified file already
+ exists.
+
+ ** The variable print-length applies to printing vectors and bitvectors,
+ as well as lists.
+
+ ** The new function keymap-parent returns the parent keymap
+ of a given keymap.
+
+ ** The new function set-keymap-parent specifies a new parent for a
+ given keymap. The arguments are KEYMAP and PARENT. PARENT must be a
+ keymap or nil.
+
+ ** Sometimes menu keymaps use a command name, a symbol, which is really
+ an automatically generated alias for some other command, the "real"
+ name. In such a case, you should give that alias symbol a non-nil
+ menu-alias property. That property tells the menu system to look for
+ equivalent keys for the real name instead of equivalent keys for the
+ alias.
+
+
+ \f
+ * Editing Changes in Emacs 19.31
+
+ ** Freedom of the press restricted in the United States.
+
+ Emacs has been censored in accord with the Communications Decency Act.
+ This includes removing some features of the doctor program. That law
+ was described by its supporters as a ban on pornography, but it bans
+ far more than that. The Emacs distribution has never contained any
+ pornography, but parts of it were nonetheless prohibited.
+
+ For information on US government censorship of the Internet, and what
+ you can do to bring back freedom of the press, see the web site
+ `http://www.vtw.org/'.
+
+ ** A note about C mode indentation customization.
+
+ The old (Emacs 19.29) ways of specifying a C indentation style
+ do not normally work in the new implementation of C mode.
+ It has its own methods of customizing indentation, which are
+ much more powerful than the old C mode. See the Editing Programs
+ chapter of the manual for details.
+
+ However, you can load the library cc-compat to make the old
+ customization variables take effect.
+
+ ** Marking with the mouse.
+
+ When you mark a region with the mouse, the region now remains
+ highlighted until the next input event, regardless of whether you are
+ using M-x transient-mark-mode.
+
+ ** Improved Windows NT/95 support.
+
+ *** Emacs now supports scroll bars on Windows NT and Windows 95.
+
+ *** Emacs now supports subprocesses on Windows 95. (Subprocesses used
+ to work on NT only and not on 95.)
+
+ *** There are difficulties with subprocesses, though, due to problems
+ in Windows, beyond the control of Emacs. They work fine as long as
+ you run Windows applications. The problems arise when you run a DOS
+ application in a subprocesses. Since current shells run as DOS
+ applications, these problems are significant.
+
+ If you run a DOS application in a subprocess, then the application is
+ likely to busy-wait, which means that your machine will be 100% busy.
+ However, if you don't mind the temporary heavy load, the subprocess
+ will work OK as long as you tell it to terminate before you start any
+ other DOS application as a subprocess.
+
+ Emacs is unable to terminate or interrupt a DOS subprocess.
+ You have to do this by providing input directly to the subprocess.
+
+ If you run two DOS applications at the same time in two separate
+ subprocesses, even if one of them is asynchronous, you will probably
+ have to reboot your machine--until then, it will remain 100% busy.
+ Windows simply does not cope when one Windows process tries to run two
+ separate DOS subprocesses. Typing CTL-ALT-DEL and then choosing
+ Shutdown seems to work although it may take a few minutes.
+
+ ** M-x resize-minibuffer-mode.
+
+ This command, not previously mentioned in NEWS, toggles a mode in
+ which the minibuffer window expands to show as many lines as the
+ minibuffer contains.
+
+ ** `title' frame parameter and resource.
+
+ The `title' X resource now specifies just the frame title, nothing else.
+ It does not affect the name used for looking up other X resources.
+ It works by setting the new `title' frame parameter, which likewise
+ affects just the displayed title of the frame.
+
+ The `name' parameter continues to do what it used to do:
+ it specifies the frame name for looking up X resources,
+ and also serves as the default for the displayed title
+ when the `title' parameter is unspecified or nil.
+
+ ** Emacs now uses the X toolkit by default, if you have a new
+ enough version of X installed (X11R5 or newer).
+
+ ** When you compile Emacs with the Motif widget set, Motif handles the
+ F10 key by activating the menu bar. To avoid confusion, the usual
+ Emacs binding of F10 is replaced with a no-op when using Motif.
+
+ If you want to be able to use F10 in Emacs, you can rebind the Motif
+ menubar to some other key which you don't use. To do so, add
+ something like this to your X resources file. This example rebinds
+ the Motif menu bar activation key to S-F12:
+
+ Emacs*defaultVirtualBindings: osfMenuBar : Shift<Key>F12
+
+ ** In overwrite mode, DEL now inserts spaces in most cases
+ to replace the characters it "deletes".
+
+ ** The Rmail summary now shows the number of lines in each message.
+
+ ** Rmail has a new command M-x unforward-rmail-message, which extracts
+ a forwarded message from the message that forwarded it. To use it,
+ select a message which contains a forwarded message and then type the command.
+ It inserts the forwarded message as a separate Rmail message
+ immediately after the selected one.
+
+ This command also undoes the textual modifications that are standardly
+ made, as part of forwarding, by Rmail and other mail reader programs.
+
+ ** Turning off saving of .saves-... files in your home directory.
+
+ Each Emacs session writes a file named .saves-... in your home
+ directory to record which files M-x recover-session should recover.
+ If you exit Emacs normally with C-x C-c, it deletes that file. If
+ Emacs or the operating system crashes, the file remains for M-x
+ recover-session.
+
+ You can turn off the writing of these files by setting
+ auto-save-list-file-name to nil. If you do this, M-x recover-session
+ will not work.
+
+ Some previous Emacs versions failed to delete these files even on
+ normal exit. This is fixed now. If you are thinking of turning off
+ this feature because of past experiences with versions that had this
+ bug, it would make sense to check whether you still want to do so
+ now that the bug is fixed.
+
+ ** Changes to Version Control (VC)
+
+ There is a new variable, vc-follow-symlinks. It indicates what to do
+ when you visit a link to a file that is under version control.
+ Editing the file through the link bypasses the version control system,
+ which is dangerous and probably not what you want.
+
+ If this variable is t, VC follows the link and visits the real file,
+ telling you about it in the echo area. If it is `ask' (the default),
+ VC asks for confirmation whether it should follow the link. If nil,
+ the link is visited and a warning displayed.
+
+ ** iso-acc.el now lets you specify a choice of language.
+ Languages include "latin-1" (the default) and "latin-2" (which
+ is designed for entering ISO Latin-2 characters).
+
+ There are also choices for specific human languages such as French and
+ Portuguese. These are subsets of Latin-1, which differ in that they
+ enable only the accent characters needed for particular language.
+ The other accent characters, not needed for the chosen language,
+ remain normal.
+
+ ** Posting articles and sending mail now has M-TAB completion on various
+ header fields (Newsgroups, To, CC, ...).
+
+ Completion in the Newsgroups header depends on the list of groups
+ known to your news reader. Completion in the Followup-To header
+ offers those groups which are in the Newsgroups header, since
+ Followup-To usually just holds one of those.
+
+ Completion in fields that hold mail addresses works based on the list
+ of local users plus your aliases. Additionally, if your site provides
+ a mail directory or a specific host to use for any unrecognized user
+ name, you can arrange to query that host for completion also. (See the
+ documentation of variables `mail-directory-process' and
+ `mail-directory-stream'.)
+
+ ** A greatly extended sgml-mode offers new features such as (to be configured)
+ skeletons with completing read for tags and attributes, typing named
+ characters including optionally all 8bit characters, making tags invisible
+ with optional alternate display text, skipping and deleting tag(pair)s.
+
+ Note: since Emacs' syntax feature cannot limit the special meaning of ', " and
+ - to inside <>, for some texts the result, especially of font locking, may be
+ wrong (see `sgml-specials' if you get wrong results).
+
+ The derived html-mode configures this with tags and attributes more or
+ less HTML3ish. It also offers optional quick keys like C-c 1 for
+ headline or C-c u for unordered list (see `html-quick-keys'). Edit /
+ Text Properties / Face or M-g combinations create tags as applicable.
+ Outline minor mode is supported and level 1 font-locking tries to
+ fontify tag contents (which only works when they fit on one line, due
+ to a limitation in font-lock).
+
+ External viewing via browse-url can occur automatically upon saving.
+
+ ** M-x imenu-add-to-menubar now adds to the menu bar for the current
+ buffer only. If you want to put an Imenu item in the menu bar for all
+ buffers that use a particular major mode, use the mode hook, as in
+ this example:
+
+ (add-hook 'emacs-lisp-mode-hook
+ '(lambda () (imenu-add-to-menubar "Index")))
+
+ ** Changes in BibTeX mode.
+
+ *** Field names may now contain digits, hyphens, and underscores.
+
+ *** Font Lock mode is now supported.
+
+ *** bibtex-make-optional-field is no longer interactive.
+
+ *** If bibtex-maintain-sorted-entries is non-nil, inserting new
+ entries is now done with a faster algorithm. However, inserting
+ will fail in this case if the buffer contains invalid entries or
+ isn't in sorted order, so you should finish each entry with C-c C-c
+ (bibtex-close-entry) after you have inserted or modified it.
+ The default value of bibtex-maintain-sorted-entries is nil.
+
+ *** Function `show-all' is no longer bound to a key, since C-u C-c C-q
+ does the same job.
+
+ *** Entries with quotes inside quote-delimited fields (as `author =
+ "Stefan Sch{\"o}f"') are now supported.
+
+ *** Case in field names doesn't matter anymore when searching for help
+ text.
+
+ ** Font Lock mode
+
+ *** Global Font Lock mode
+
+ Font Lock mode can be turned on globally, in buffers that support it, by the
+ new command global-font-lock-mode. You can use the new variable
+ font-lock-global-modes to control which modes have Font Lock mode automagically
+ turned on. By default, this variable is set so that Font Lock mode is turned
+ on globally where the buffer mode supports it.
+
+ For example, to automagically turn on Font Lock mode where supported, put:
+
+ (global-font-lock-mode t)
+
+ in your ~/.emacs.
+
+ *** Local Refontification
+
+ In Font Lock mode, editing a line automatically refontifies that line only.
+ However, if your change alters the syntactic context for following lines,
+ those lines remain incorrectly fontified. To refontify them, use the new
+ command M-g M-g (font-lock-fontify-block).
+
+ In certain major modes, M-g M-g refontifies the entire current function.
+ (The variable font-lock-mark-block-function controls how to find the
+ current function.) In other major modes, M-g M-g refontifies 16 lines
+ above and below point.
+
+ With a prefix argument N, M-g M-g refontifies N lines above and below point.
+
+ ** Follow mode
+
+ Follow mode is a new minor mode combining windows showing the same
+ buffer into one tall "virtual window". The windows are typically two
+ side-by-side windows. Follow mode makes them scroll together as if
+ they were a unit. To use it, go to a frame with just one window,
+ split it into two side-by-side windows using C-x 3, and then type M-x
+ follow-mode.
+
+ M-x follow-mode turns off Follow mode if it is already enabled.
+
+ To display two side-by-side windows and activate Follow mode, use the
+ command M-x follow-delete-other-windows-and-split.
+
+ ** hide-show changes.
+
+ The hooks hs-hide-hooks and hs-show-hooks have been renamed
+ to hs-hide-hook and hs-show-hook, to follow the convention for
+ normal hooks.
+
+ ** Simula mode now has a menu containing the most important commands.
+ The new command simula-indent-exp is bound to C-M-q.
+
+ ** etags can now handle programs written in Erlang. Files are
+ recognised by the extensions .erl and .hrl. The tagged lines are
+ those that begin a function, record, or macro.
+
+ ** MSDOS Changes
+
+ *** It is now possible to compile Emacs with the version 2 of DJGPP.
+ Compilation with DJGPP version 1 also still works.
+
+ *** The documentation of DOS-specific aspects of Emacs was rewritten
+ and expanded; see the ``MS-DOS'' node in the on-line docs.
+
+ *** Emacs now uses ~ for backup file names, not .bak.
+
+ *** You can simulate mouse-3 on two-button mice by simultaneously
+ pressing both mouse buttons.
+
+ *** A number of packages and commands which previously failed or had
+ restricted functionality on MS-DOS, now work. The most important ones
+ are:
+
+ **** Printing (both with `M-x lpr-buffer' and with `ps-print' package)
+ now works.
+
+ **** `Ediff' works (in a single-frame mode).
+
+ **** `M-x display-time' can be used on MS-DOS (due to the new
+ implementation of Emacs timers, see below).
+
+ **** `Dired' supports Unix-style shell wildcards.
+
+ **** The `c-macro-expand' command now works as on other platforms.
+
+ **** `M-x recover-session' works.
+
+ **** `M-x list-colors-display' displays all the available colors.
+
+ **** The `TPU-EDT' package works.
+
+ \f
+ * Lisp changes in Emacs 19.31.
+
+ ** The function using-unix-filesystems on Windows NT and Windows 95
+ tells Emacs to read and write files assuming that they reside on a
+ remote Unix filesystem. No CR/LF translation is done on any files in
+ this case. Invoking using-unix-filesystems with t activates this
+ behavior, and invoking it with any other value deactivates it.
+
+ ** Change in system-type and system-configuration values.
+
+ The value of system-type on a Linux-based GNU system is now `lignux',
+ not `linux'. This means that some programs which use `system-type'
+ need to be changed. The value of `system-configuration' will also
+ be different.
+
+ It is generally recommended to use `system-configuration' rather
+ than `system-type'.
+
+ See the file LINUX-GNU in this directory for more about this.
+
+ ** The functions shell-command and dired-call-process
+ now run file name handlers for default-directory, if it has them.
+
+ ** Undoing the deletion of text now restores the positions of markers
+ that pointed into or next to the deleted text.
+
+ ** Timers created with run-at-time now work internally to Emacs, and
+ no longer use a separate process. Therefore, they now work more
+ reliably and can be used for shorter time delays.
+
+ The new function run-with-timer is a convenient way to set up a timer
+ to run a specified amount of time after the present. A call looks
+ like this:
+
+ (run-with-timer SECS REPEAT FUNCTION ARGS...)
+
+ SECS says how many seconds should elapse before the timer happens.
+ It may be an integer or a floating point number. When the timer
+ becomes ripe, the action is to call FUNCTION with arguments ARGS.
+
+ REPEAT gives the interval for repeating the timer (measured in
+ seconds). It may be an integer or a floating point number. nil or 0
+ means don't repeat at all--call FUNCTION just once.
+
+ *** with-timeout provides an easy way to do something but give
+ up if too much time passes.
+
+ (with-timeout (SECONDS TIMEOUT-FORMS...) BODY...)
+
+ This executes BODY, but gives up after SECONDS seconds.
+ If it gives up, it runs the TIMEOUT-FORMS and returns the value
+ of the last one of them. Normally it returns the value of the last
+ form in BODY.
+
+ *** You can now arrange to call a function whenever Emacs is idle for
+ a certain length of time. To do this, call run-with-idle-timer. A
+ call looks like this:
+
+ (run-with-idle-timer SECS REPEAT FUNCTION ARGS...)
+
+ SECS says how many seconds of idleness should elapse before the timer
+ runs. It may be an integer or a floating point number. When the
+ timer becomes ripe, the action is to call FUNCTION with arguments
+ ARGS.
+
+ Emacs becomes idle whenever it finishes executing a keyboard or mouse
+ command. It remains idle until it receives another keyboard or mouse
+ command.
+
+ REPEAT, if non-nil, means this timer should be activated again each
+ time Emacs becomes idle and remains idle for SECS seconds The timer
+ does not repeat if Emacs *remains* idle; it runs at most once after
+ each time Emacs becomes idle.
+
+ If REPEAT is nil, the timer runs just once, the first time Emacs is
+ idle for SECS seconds.
+
+ *** post-command-idle-hook is now obsolete; you shouldn't use it at
+ all, because it interferes with the idle timer mechanism. If your
+ programs use post-command-idle-hook, convert them to use idle timers
+ instead.
+
+ *** y-or-n-p-with-timeout lets you ask a question but give up if
+ there is no answer within a certain time.
+
+ (y-or-n-p-with-timeout PROMPT SECONDS DEFAULT-VALUE)
+
+ asks the question PROMPT (just like y-or-n-p). If the user answers
+ within SECONDS seconds, it returns the answer that the user gave.
+ Otherwise it gives up after SECONDS seconds, and returns DEFAULT-VALUE.
+
+ ** Minor change to `encode-time': you can now pass more than seven
+ arguments. If you do that, the first six arguments have the usual
+ meaning, the last argument is interpreted as the time zone, and the
+ arguments in between are ignored.
+
+ This means that it works to use the list returned by `decode-time' as
+ the list of arguments for `encode-time'.
+
+ ** The default value of load-path now includes the directory
+ /usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/site-lisp In addition to
+ /usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp. You can use this new directory for
+ site-specific Lisp packages that belong with a particular Emacs
+ version.
+
+ It is not unusual for a Lisp package that works well in one Emacs
+ version to cause trouble in another. Sometimes packages need updating
+ for incompatible changes; sometimes they look at internal data that
+ has changed; sometimes the package has been installed in Emacs itself
+ and the installed version should be used. Whatever the reason for the
+ problem, this new feature makes it easier to solve.
+
+ ** When your program contains a fixed file name (like .completions or
+ .abbrev.defs), the file name usually needs to be different on operating
+ systems with limited file name syntax.
+
+ Now you can avoid ad-hoc conditionals by using the function
+ convert-standard-filename to convert the file name to a proper form
+ for each operating system. Here is an example of use, from the file
+ completions.el:
+
+ (defvar save-completions-file-name
+ (convert-standard-filename "~/.completions")
+ "*The filename to save completions to.")
+
+ This sets the variable save-completions-file-name to a value that
+ depends on the operating system, because the definition of
+ convert-standard-filename depends on the operating system. On
+ Unix-like systems, it returns the specified file name unchanged. On
+ MS-DOS, it adapts the name to fit the limitations of that system.
+
+ ** The interactive spec N now returns the numeric prefix argument
+ rather than the raw prefix argument. (It still reads a number using the
+ minibuffer if there is no prefix argument at all.)
+
+ ** When a process is deleted, this no longer disconnects the process
+ marker from its buffer position.
+
+ ** The variable garbage-collection-messages now controls whether
+ Emacs displays a message at the beginning and end of garbage collection.
+ The default is nil, meaning there are no messages.
+
+ ** The variable debug-ignored-errors specifies certain kinds of errors
+ that should not enter the debugger. Its value is a list of error
+ condition symbols and/or regular expressions. If the error has any
+ of the condition symbols listed, or if any of the regular expressions
+ matches the error message, then that error does not enter the debugger,
+ regardless of the value of debug-on-error.
+
+ This variable is initialized to match certain common but uninteresting
+ errors that happen often during editing.
+
+ ** The new function error-message-string converts an error datum
+ into its error message. The error datum is what condition-case
+ puts into the variable, to describe the error that happened.
+
+ ** Anything that changes which buffer appears in a given window
+ now runs the window-scroll-functions for that window.
+
+ ** The new function get-buffer-window-list returns a list of windows displaying
+ a buffer. The function is called with the buffer (a buffer object or a buffer
+ name) and two optional arguments specifying the minibuffer windows and frames
+ to search. Therefore this function takes optional args like next-window etc.,
+ and not get-buffer-window.
+
+ ** buffer-substring now runs the hook buffer-access-fontify-functions,
+ calling each function with two arguments--the range of the buffer
+ being accessed. buffer-substring-no-properties does not call them.
+
+ If you use this feature, you should set the variable
+ buffer-access-fontified-property to a non-nil symbol, which is a
+ property name. Then, if all the characters in the buffer range have a
+ non-nil value for that property, the buffer-access-fontify-functions
+ are not called. When called, these functions should put a non-nil
+ property on the text that they fontify, so that they won't get called
+ over and over for the same text.
+
+ ** Changes in lisp-mnt.el
+
+ *** The lisp-mnt package can now recognize file headers that are written
+ in the formats used by the `what' command and the RCS `ident' command:
+
+ ;; @(#) HEADER: text
+ ;; $HEADER: text $
+
+ in addition to the normal
+
+ ;; HEADER: text
+
+ *** The commands lm-verify and lm-synopsis are now interactive. lm-verify
+ checks that the library file has proper sections and headers, and
+ lm-synopsis extracts first line "synopsis'"information.
+
+
+ \f
+ * Editing Changes in Emacs 19.30.
+
+ ** Be sure to recompile your byte-compiled Emacs Lisp files
+ if you last compiled them with Emacs 19.28 or earlier.
+ You can use M-x byte-force-recompile to recompile all the .elc files
+ in a specified directory.
+
+ ** Emacs now provides multiple-frame support on Windows NT
+ and Windows 95.
+
+ ** M-x column-number-mode toggles a minor mode which displays
+ the current column number in the mode line.
+
+ ** Line Number mode is now enabled by default.
+
+ ** M-x what-line now displays the line number in the accessible
+ portion of the buffer as well as the line number in the full buffer,
+ when narrowing is in effect.
+
+ ** If you type a M-x command that has an equivalent key binding,
+ the equivalent is shown in the minibuffer before the command executes.
+ This feature is enabled by default for the sake of beginning users.
+ You can turn the feature off by setting suggest-key-bindings to nil.
+
+ ** The menu bar is now visible on text-only terminals. To choose a
+ command from the menu bar when you have no mouse, type M-`
+ (Meta-Backquote) or F10. To turn off menu bar display,
+ do (menu-bar-mode -1).
+
+ ** Whenever you invoke a minibuffer, it appears in the minibuffer
+ window that the current frame uses.
+
+ Emacs can only use one minibuffer window at a time. If you activate
+ the minibuffer while a minibuffer window is active in some other
+ frame, the outer minibuffer window disappears while the inner one is
+ active.
+
+ ** Echo area messages always appear in the minibuffer window that the
+ current frame uses. If a minibuffer is active in some other frame,
+ the echo area message does not hide it even temporarily.
+
+ ** The minibuffer now has a menu-bar menu. You can use it to exit or
+ abort the minibuffer, or to ask for completion.
+
+ ** Dead-key and composite character processing is done in the standard
+ X11R6 manner (through the default "input method" using the
+ /usr/lib/X11/locale/*/Compose databases of key combinations). I.e. if
+ it works in xterm, it should also work in emacs now.
+
+ ** Mouse changes
+
+ *** You can now use the mouse when running Emacs in an xterm.
+ Use M-x xterm-mouse-mode to let emacs take control over the mouse.
+
+ *** C-mouse-1 now once again provides a menu of buffers to select.
+ S-mouse-1 is now the way to select a default font for the frame.
+
+ *** There is a new mouse-scroll-min-lines variable to control the
+ minimum number of lines scrolled by dragging the mouse outside a
+ window's edge.
+
+ *** Dragging mouse-1 on a vertical line that separates windows
+ now moves the line, thus changing the widths of the two windows.
+ (This feature is available only if you don't have vertical scroll bars.
+ If you do use them, a scroll bar separates two side-by-side windows.)
+
+ *** Double-click mouse-1 on a character with "symbol" syntax (such as
+ underscore, in C mode) selects the entire symbol surrounding that
+ character. (Double-click mouse-1 on a letter selects a whole word.)
+
+ ** When incremental search wraps around to the beginning (or end) of
+ the buffer, if you keep on searching until you go past the original
+ starting point of the search, the echo area changes from "Wrapped" to
+ "Overwrapped". That tells you that you are revisiting matches that
+ you have already seen.
+
+ ** Filling changes.
+
+ *** If the variable colon-double-space is non-nil, the explicit fill
+ commands put two spaces after a colon.
+
+ *** Auto-Fill mode now supports Adaptive Fill mode just as the
+ explicit fill commands do. The variable adaptive-fill-regexp
+ specifies a regular expression to match text at the beginning of
+ a line that should be the fill prefix.
+
+ *** Adaptive Fill mode can take a fill prefix from the first line of a
+ paragraph, *provided* that line is not a paragraph-starter line.
+
+ Paragraph-starter lines are indented lines that start a new
+ paragraph because they are indented. This indentation shouldn't
+ be copied to additional lines.
+
+ Whether indented lines are paragraph lines depends on the value of the
+ variable paragraph-start. Some major modes set this; you can set it
+ by hand or in mode hooks as well. For editing text in which paragraph
+ first lines are not indented, and which contains paragraphs in which
+ all lines are indented, you should use Indented Text mode or arrange
+ for paragraph-start not to match these lines.
+
+ *** You can specify more complex ways of choosing a fill prefix
+ automatically by setting `adaptive-fill-function'. This function
+ is called with point after the left margin of a line, and it should
+ return the appropriate fill prefix based on that line.
+ If it returns nil, that means it sees no fill prefix in that line.
+
+ ** Gnus changes.
+
+ Gnus, the Emacs news reader, has been rewritten and expanded. Most
+ things that worked with the old version should still work with the new
+ version. Code that relies heavily on Gnus internals is likely to
+ fail, though.
+
+ *** Incompatibilities with the old GNUS.
+
+ **** All interactive commands have kept their names, but many internal
+ functions have changed names.
+
+ **** The summary mode gnus-uu commands have been moved from the `C-c
+ C-v' keymap to the `X' keymap.
+
+ **** There can now be several summary buffers active at once.
+ Variables that are relevant to each summary buffer are buffer-local to
+ that buffer.
+
+ **** Old hilit code doesn't work at all. Gnus performs its own
+ highlighting based not only on what's visible in the buffer, but on
+ other data structures.
+
+ **** Old packages like `expire-kill' will no longer work.
+
+ **** `C-c C-l' in the group buffer no longer switches to a different
+ buffer, but instead lists killed groups in the group buffer.
+
+ *** New features.
+
+ **** The look of all buffers can be changed by setting format-like
+ variables.
+
+ **** Local spool and several NNTP servers can be used at once.
+
+ **** Groups can be combined into virtual groups.
+
+ **** Different mail formats can be read much the same way as one would
+ read newsgroups. All the mail backends implement mail expiry schemes.
+
+ **** Gnus can use various strategies for gathering threads that have
+ lost their roots (thereby gathering loose sub-threads into one thread)
+ or it can go back and retrieve enough headers to build a complete
+ thread.
+
+ **** Killed groups can be read.
+
+ **** Gnus can do partial group updates - you do not have to retrieve
+ the entire active file just to check for new articles in a few groups.
+
+ **** Gnus implements a sliding scale of subscribedness to groups.
+
+ **** You can score articles according to any number of criteria. You
+ can get Gnus to score articles for you using adaptive scoring.
+
+ **** Gnus maintains a dribble buffer that is auto-saved the normal
+ Emacs manner, so it should be difficult to lose much data on what you
+ have read if your machine should go down.
+
+ **** Gnus now has its own startup file (`.gnus.el') to avoid
+ cluttering up the `.emacs' file.
+
+ **** You can set the process mark on both groups and articles and
+ perform operations on all the marked items.
+
+ **** You can grep through a subset of groups and create a group from
+ the results.
+
+ **** You can list subsets of groups using matches on group names or
+ group descriptions.
+
+ **** You can browse foreign servers and subscribe to groups from those
+ servers.
+
+ **** Gnus can pre-fetch articles asynchronously on a second connection
+ to the servers.
+
+ **** You can cache articles locally.
+
+ **** Gnus can fetch FAQs to and descriptions of groups.
+
+ **** Digests (and other files) can be used as the basis for groups.
+
+ **** Articles can be highlighted and customized.
+
+ ** Changes to Version Control (VC)
+
+ *** General changes (all backends).
+
+ VC directory listings (C-x v d) are now kept up to date when you do a
+ vc-next-action (C-x v v) on the marked files. The `g' command updates
+ the buffer properly. `=' in a VC dired buffer produces a version
+ control diff, not an ordinary diff.
+
+ *** CVS changes.
+
+ Under CVS, you no longer need to type C-x C-q before you can edit a
+ file. VC doesn't write-protect unmodified buffers anymore; you can
+ freely change them at any time. The mode line keeps track of the
+ file status.
+
+ If you do want unmodified files to be write-protected, set your
+ CVSREAD environment variable. VC sees this and behaves accordingly;
+ that will give you the behavior of Emacs 19.29, similar to that under
+ RCS and SCCS. In this mode, if the variable vc-mistrust-permissions
+ is nil, VC learns the modification state from the file permissions.
+ When setting CVSREAD for the first time, you should check out the
+ whole module anew, so that the file permissions are set correctly.
+
+ VC also works with remote repositories now. When you visit a file, it
+ doesn't run "cvs status" anymore, so there shouldn't be any long delays.
+
+ Directory listings under VC/CVS have been enhanced. Type C-x v d, and
+ you get a list of all files in or below the current directory that are
+ not up-to-date. The actual status (modified, merge, conflict, ...) is
+ displayed for each file. If you give a prefix argument (C-u C-x v d),
+ up-to-date files are also listed. You can mark any number of files,
+ and execute the next logical version control command on them (C-x v v).
+
+ *** Starting a new branch.
+
+ If you try to lock a version that is not the latest on its branch,
+ VC asks for confirmation in the minibuffer. If you say no, it offers
+ to lock the latest version instead.
+
+ *** RCS non-strict locking.
+
+ VC can now handle RCS non-strict locking, too. In this mode, working
+ files are always writable and you needn't lock the file before making
+ changes, similar to the default mode under CVS. To enable non-strict
+ locking for a file, use the "rcs -U" command.
+
+ *** Sharing RCS master files.
+
+ If you share RCS subdirs with other users (through symbolic links),
+ and you always want to work on the latest version, set
+ vc-consult-headers to nil and vc-mistrust-permissions to `t'.
+ Then you see the state of the *latest* version on the mode line, not
+ that of your working file. When you do a check out, VC overwrites
+ your working file with the latest version from the master.
+
+ *** RCS customization.
+
+ There is a new variable vc-consult-headers. If it is t (the default),
++VC searches for RCS headers in working files (like `$Id: NEWS.19,v 1.1 2006/06/04 01:01:51 kfstorm Exp $') and
+ determines the state of the file from them, not from the master file.
+ This is fast and more reliable when you use branches. (The variable
+ was already present in Emacs 19.29, but didn't get mentioned in the
+ NEWS.)
+
+ ** Calendar changes.
+
+ *** New calendars supported: Chinese, Coptic, Ethiopic
+
+ Here are the commands for converting to and from these calendars:
+
+ gC: calendar-goto-chinese-date
+ gk: calendar-goto-coptic-date
+ ge: calendar-goto-ethiopic-date
+
+ pC: calendar-print-chinese-date
+ pk: calendar-print-coptic-date
+ pe: calendar-print-ethiopic-date
+
+ *** Printed calendars
+
+ Calendar mode now has commands to produce fancy printed calendars via
+ LaTeX. You can ask for a calendar for one or more days, weeks, months
+ or years. The commands all start with `t'; see the manual for a list
+ of them.
+
+ *** New sexp diary entry type
+
+ Reminders that apply in the days leading up to an event.
+
+ ** The CC-mode package now provides the default C and C++ modes.
+ See the manual for documentation of its features.
+
+ ** The uniquify package chooses buffer names differently when you
+ visit multiple files with the same name (in different directories).
+
+ ** RMAIL now always uses the movemail program when it renames an
+ inbox file, so that it can interlock properly with the mailer
+ no matter where it is delivering mail.
+
+ ** tex-start-of-header and tex-end-of-header are now regular expressions,
+ not strings.
+
+ ** To enable automatic uncompression of compressed files,
+ type M-x auto-compression-mode. (This command used to be called
+ toggle-auto-compression, but was not documented before.) In Lisp,
+ you can do
+
+ (auto-compression-mode 1)
+
+ to turn the mode on.
+
+ ** The new pc-select package emulates the key bindings for cutting and
+ pasting, and selection of regions, found in Windows, Motif, and the
+ Macintosh.
+
+ ** Help buffers now use a special major mode, Help mode. This mode
+ normally turns on View mode; it also provides a hook, help-mode-hook,
+ which you can use for other customization.
+
+ ** Apropos now uses faces for enhanced legibility. It now describes
+ symbol properties as well as their function definitions and variable
+ values. You can use Mouse-2 or RET to get more information about a
+ function definition, variable, or property.
+
+ ** Font Lock mode
+
+ *** Supports Scheme, TCL and Help modes
+
+ For example, to automatically turn on Font Lock mode in the *Help*
+ buffer, put:
+
+ (add-hook 'help-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock)
+
+ in your ~/.emacs.
+
+ *** Enhanced fontification
+
+ The structure of font-lock-keywords is extended to allow "anchored" keywords.
+ Typically, a keyword item of font-lock-keywords comprises a regexp to search
+ for and information to specify how the regexp should be highlighted. However,
+ the highlighting information is extended so that it can be another keyword
+ item. This keyword item, its regexp and highlighting information, is processed
+ before resuming with the keyword item of which it is part.
+
+ For example, a typical keyword item might be:
+
+ ("\\<anchor\\>" (0 anchor-face))
+
+ which fontifies each occurrence of the discrete word "anchor" in the value of
+ the variable anchor-face. However, the highlighting information can be used to
+ fontify text that is anchored to the word "anchor". For example:
+
+ ("\\<anchor\\>" (0 anchor-face) ("\\=[ ,]*\\(item\\)" nil nil (1 item-face)))
+
+ which fontifies each occurrence of "anchor" as above, but for each occurrence
+ of "anchor", each occurrence of "item", in any following comma separated list,
+ is fontified in the value of the variable item-face. Thus the "item" text is
+ anchored to the "anchor" text. See the variable documentation for further
+ information.
+
+ This feature is used to extend the level and quality of fontification in a
+ number of modes. For example, C/C++ modes now have level 3 decoration that
+ includes the fontification of variable and function names in declaration lists.
+ In this instance, the "anchor" described in the above example is a type or
+ class name, and an "item" is a variable or function name.
+
+ *** Fontification levels
+
+ The variables font-lock-maximum-decoration and font-lock-maximum-size are
+ extended to specify levels and sizes for specific modes. The variable
+ font-lock-maximum-decoration specifies the preferred level of fontification for
+ modes that provide multiple levels (typically from "subdued" to "gaudy"). The
+ variable font-lock-maximum-size specifies the buffer size for which buffer
+ fontification is suppressed when Font Lock mode is turned on (typically because
+ it would take too long).
+
+ These variables can now specify values for individual modes, by supplying
+ lists of mode names and values. For example, to use the above mentioned level
+ 3 decoration for buffers in C/C++ modes, and default decoration otherwise, put:
+
+ (setq font-lock-maximum-decoration '((c-mode . 3) (c++-mode . 3)))
+
+ in your ~/.emacs. Maximum buffer size values for individual modes are
+ specified in the same way with the variable font-lock-maximum-size.
+
+ *** Font Lock configuration
+
+ The mechanism to provide default settings for Font Lock mode are the variables
+ font-lock-defaults and font-lock-maximum-decoration. Typically, you should
+ only need to change the value of font-lock-maximum-decoration. However, to
+ support Font Lock mode for buffers in modes that currently do not support Font
+ Lock mode, you should set a buffer local value of font-lock-defaults for that
+ mode, typically via its mode hook.
+
+ These variables are used by Font Lock mode to set the values of the variables
+ font-lock-keywords, font-lock-keywords-only, font-lock-syntax-table,
+ font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function and font-lock-keywords-case-fold-search.
+
+ You need not set these variables directly, and should not set them yourself
+ since the underlining mechanism may change in future.
+
+ ** Archive mode is now the default mode for various sorts of
+ archive files (files whose names end with .arc, .lzh, .zip, and .zoo).
+
+ ** You can automatically update the years in copyright notice by
+ means of (add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'copyright-update).
+ Optionally it can update the GPL version as well.
+
+ ** Scripts of various languages (Shell, AWK, Perl, makefiles ...) can
+ be automatically provided with a magic number and be made executable
+ by their respective modes under control of various user variables.
+ The mode must call (executable-set-magic "perl") or
+ (executable-set-magic "make" "-f"). The latter for example has no
+ effect on [Mm]akefile.
+
+ ** Shell script mode now supports over 15 different shells. The new
+ command C-c ! executes the region, and optionally beginning of script
+ as well, by passing them to the shell.
+
+ Cases such as `sh' being a `bash' are now accounted for.
+ Fontification now also does variables, the magic number and all
+ builtin commands. Shell script mode no longer mingles `tab-width' and
+ indentation style. The variable `sh-tab-width' has been renamed to
+ `sh-indentation'. Empty lines are now indented like previous
+ non-empty line, rather than just previous line.
+
+ The annoying $ variable prompting has been eliminated. Instead, shell
+ script mode uses `comint-dynamic-completion' for commands, variables
+ and filenames.
+
+ ** Two-column mode now automatically scrolls both buffers together,
+ which makes it possible to eliminate the special scrolling commands
+ that used to do so.
+
+ The commands that operate in two-column mode are no longer bound to
+ keys outside that mode. f2 o will now position at the same point in
+ associated buffer.
+
+ the new command f2 RET inserts a newline in both buffers, at point and
+ at the corresponding position in the associated buffer.
+
+ ** Skeleton commands now work smoothly as abbrev definitions. The
+ element < no longer exists, ' is a new element.
+
+ ** The autoinsert insert facility for prefilling empty files as soon
+ as they are found has been extended to accommodate skeletons or calling
+ functions. See the function auto-insert.
+
+ ** TPU-edt Changes
+
+ Loading tpu-edt no longer turns on tpu-edt mode. In fact, it is no
+ longer necessary to explicitly load tpu-edt. All you need to do to
+ turn on tpu-edt is run the tpu-edt function. Here's how to run
+ tpu-edt instead of loading the file:
+
+ Running Emacs: Type emacs -f tpu-edt
+ not emacs -l tpu-edt
+
+ Within Emacs: Type M-x tpu-edt <ret>
+ not M-x load-library <ret> tpu-edt <ret>
+
+ In .emacs: Use (tpu-edt)
+ not (load "tpu-edt")
+
+ The default name of the tpu-edt X key definition file has changed from
+ ~/.tpu-gnu-keys to ~/.tpu-keys. If you don't rename the file yourself,
+ tpu-edt will offer to rename it the first time you invoke it under
+ x-windows.
+
+ ** MS-DOS Enhancements:
+
+ *** Better mouse control by adding the following functions [in dosfns.c]
+ msdos-mouse-enable, msdos-mouse-disable, msdos-mouse-init.
+
+ *** If another foreground/background color than the default is setup in
+ your ~/_emacs, then the screen briefly flickers with the default
+ colors before changing to the colors you have specified. To avoid
+ this, the EMACSCOLORS environment variable exists. It shall be
+ defined as a string with the following elements:
+
+ set EMACSCOLORS=fb;fb
+
+ The first set of "fb" defines the initial foreground and background
+ colors using standard dos color numbers (0=black,.., 7=white).
+ If specified, the second set of "fb" defines the colors which are
+ restored when you leave emacs.
+
+ *** The new SUSPEND environment variable can now be set as the shell to
+ use when suspending emacs. This can be used to override the stupid
+ limitation on the environment of sub-shells in MS-DOS (they are just
+ large enough to hold the currently defined variables, not leaving
+ room for more); to overcome this limitation, add this to autoexec.bat:
+
+ set SUSPEND=%COMSPEC% /E:2000
+
+ ** The escape character can now be displayed on X frames. Try
+ this:
+ (aset standard-display-table 27 (vector 27))
+ after first creating a display table (you can do that by loading
+ the disp-table library).
+
+ ** The new command-line option --eval specifies an expression to evaluate
+ from the command line.
+
+ ** etags has now the ability to tag Perl files. They are recognised
+ either by the .pm and .pl suffixes or by a first line which starts
+ with `#!' and specifies a Perl interpreter. The tagged lines are
+ those beginning with the `sub' keyword.
+
+ New suffixes recognised are .hpp for C++; .f90 for Fortran; .bib,
+ .ltx, .TeX for TeX (.bbl, .dtx removed); .ml for Lisp; .prolog for
+ prolog (.pl is now Perl).
+
+ ** The files etc/termcap.dat and etc/termcap.ucb have been replaced
+ with a new, merged, and much more comprehensive termcap file. The
+ new file should include all the special entries from the old one.
+ This new file is under active development as part of the ncurses
+ project. If you have any questions about this file, or problems with
+ an entry in it, email terminfo@ccil.org.
+
+ \f
+ * Lisp changes in Emacs 19.30.
+
+ ** New Data Types
+
+ *** There is a new data type called a char-table which is an array
+ indexed by a character. Currently this is mostly equivalent to a
+ vector of length 256, but in the future, when a wider character set is
+ in use, it will be different. To create one, call
+ (make-char-table SUBTYPE INITIAL-VALUE)
+
+ SUBTYPE is a symbol that identifies the specific use of this
+ character table. It can be any of these values:
+
+ syntax-table
+ display-table
+ keyboard-translate-table
+ case-table
+
+ The function `char-table-subtype' returns the subtype of a char-table.
+ You cannot alter the subtype of an existing char-table.
+
+ A char-table has an element for each character code. It also has some
+ "extra slots". The number of extra slots depends on the subtype and
+ their use depends on the subtype. (Each subtype symbol has a
+ `char-table-extra-slots' property that says how many extra slots to
+ make.) Use (char-table-extra-slot TABLE N) to access extra slot N and
+ (set-char-table-extra-slot TABLE N VALUE) to store VALUE in slot N.
+
+ A char-table T can have a parent, which should be another char-table
+ P. If you look for the value in T for character C, and the table T
+ actually holds nil, P's element for character C is used instead.
+ The functions `char-table-parent' and `set-char-table-parent'
+ let you read or set the parent of a char-table.
+
+ To scan all the values in a char-table, do not try to loop through all
+ possible character codes. That would work for now, but will not work
+ in the future. Instead, call map-char-table. (map-char-table
+ FUNCTION TABLE) calls FUNCTION once for each character or character
+ set that has a distinct value in TABLE. FUNCTION gets two arguments,
+ RANGE and VALUE. RANGE specifies a range of TABLE that has one
+ uniform value, and VALUE is the value in TABLE for that range.
+
+ Currently, RANGE is always a vector containing a single character
+ and it refers to that character alone. In the future, other kinds
+ of ranges will occur. You can set the value for a given range
+ with (set-char-table-range TABLE RANGE VALUE) and examine the value
+ for a range with (char-table-range TABLE RANGE).
+
+ *** Syntax tables are now represented as char-tables.
+ All syntax tables other than the standard syntax table
+ normally have the standard syntax table as their parent.
+ Their subtype is `syntax-table'.
+
+ *** Display tables are now represented as char-tables.
+ Their subtype is `display-table'.
+
+ *** Case tables are now represented as char-tables.
+ Their subtype is `case-table'.
+
+ *** The value of keyboard-translate-table may now be a char-table
+ instead of a string. Normally the char-tables used for this purpose
+ have the subtype `keyboard-translate-table', but that is not required.
+
+ *** A new data type called a bool-vector is a vector of values
+ that are either t or nil. To create one, do
+ (make-bool-vector LENGTH INITIAL-VALUE)
+
+ ** You can now specify, for each marker, how it should relocate when
+ text is inserted at the place where the marker points. This is called
+ the "insertion type" of the marker.
+
+ To set the insertion type, do (set-marker-insertion-type MARKER TYPE).
+ If TYPE is t, it means the marker advances when text is inserted. If
+ TYPE is nil, it means the marker does not advance. (In Emacs 19.29,
+ markers did not advance.)
+
+ The function marker-insertion-type reports the insertion type of a
+ given marker. The function copy-marker takes a second argument TYPE
+ which specifies the insertion type of the new copied marker.
+
+ ** When you create an overlay, you can specify the insertion type of
+ the beginning and of the end. To do this, you can use two new
+ arguments to make-overlay: front-advance and rear-advance.
+
+ ** The new function overlays-in returns a list of the overlays that
+ overlap a specified range of the buffer. The returned list includes
+ empty overlays at the beginning of this range, as well as within the
+ range.
+
+ ** The new hook window-scroll-functions is run when a window has been
+ scrolled. The functions in this list are called just before
+ redisplay, after the new window-start has been computed. Each function
+ is called with two arguments--the window that has been scrolled, and its
+ new window-start position.
+
+ This hook is useful for on-the-fly fontification and other features
+ that affect how the redisplayed text will look when it is displayed.
+
+ The window-end value of the window is not valid when these functions
+ are called. The computation of window-end is byproduct of actual
+ redisplay of the window contents, which means it has not yet happened
+ when the hook is run. Computing window-end specially in advance for
+ the sake of these functions would cause a slowdown.
+
+ The hook functions can determine where the text on the window will end
+ by calling vertical-motion starting with the window-start position.
+
+ ** The new hook redisplay-end-trigger-functions is run whenever
+ redisplay in window uses text that extends past a specified end
+ trigger position. You set the end trigger position with the function
+ set-window-redisplay-end-trigger. The functions are called with two
+ arguments: the window, and the end trigger position. Storing nil for
+ the end trigger position turns off the feature, and the trigger value
+ is automatically reset to nil just after the hook is run.
+
+ You can use the function window-redisplay-end-trigger to read a
+ window's current end trigger value.
+
+ ** The new function insert-file-contents-literally inserts the
+ contents of a file without any character set translation or decoding.
+
+ ** The new function safe-length computes the length of a list.
+ It never gets an error--it treats any non-list like nil.
+ If given a circular list, it returns an upper bound for the number
+ of elements before the circularity.
+
+ ** replace-match now takes a fifth argument, SUBEXP. If SUBEXP is
+ non-nil, that says to replace just subexpression number SUBEXP of the
+ regexp that was matched, not the entire match. For example, after
+ matching `foo \(ba*r\)' calling replace-match with 1 as SUBEXP means
+ to replace just the text that matched `\(ba*r\)'.
+
+ ** The new keymap special-event-map defines bindings for certain
+ events that should be handled at a very low level--as soon as they
+ are read. The read-event function processes these events itself,
+ and never returns them.
+
+ Events that are handled in this way do not echo, they are never
+ grouped into key sequences, and they never appear in the value of
+ last-command-event or (this-command-keys). They do not discard a
+ numeric argument, they cannot be unread with unread-command-events,
+ they may not appear in a keyboard macro, and they are not recorded
+ in a keyboard macro while you are defining one.
+
+ These events do, however, appear in last-input-event immediately after
+ they are read, and this is the way for the event's definition to find
+ the actual event.
+
+ The events types iconify-frame, make-frame-visible and delete-frame
+ are normally handled in this way.
+
+ ** encode-time now supports simple date arithmetic by means of
+ out-of-range values for its SEC, MINUTE, HOUR, DAY, and MONTH
+ arguments; for example, day 0 means the day preceding the given month.
+ Also, the ZONE argument can now be a TZ-style string.
+
+ ** command-execute and call-interactively now accept an optional third
+ argument KEYS. If specified and non-nil, this specifies the key
+ sequence containing the events that were used to invoke the command.
+
+ ** The environment variable NAME, if set, now specifies the value of
+ (user-full-name), when Emacs starts up.
+
+
+ \f
+ * User Editing Changes in Emacs 19.29
+
+ ** If you run out of memory.
+
+ If you get the error message "Virtual memory exhausted", type C-x s.
+ That way of saving files has the least additional memory needs. Emacs
+ 19.29 keeps a reserve of memory which it makes available when this
+ error happens; that is to ensure that C-x s can complete its work.
+
+ Once you have saved your data, you can exit and restart Emacs, or use
+ M-x kill-some-buffers to free up space. If you kill buffers
+ containing a substantial amount of text, you can go on editing.
+
+ Do not use M-x buffer-menu to save or kill buffers when you are out of
+ memory, because that needs a fair amount memory itself and you may not
+ have enough to get it started.
+
+ ** The format of compiled files has changed incompatibly.
+
+ Byte-compiled files made with Emacs 19.29 normally use a new format
+ that will not work in older Emacs versions. You can compile files
+ in the old format if you wish; see "Changes in compilation," below.
+
+ ** Emacs 19.29 supports the DEC Alpha.
+
+ ** Emacs runs on Windows NT.
+
+ This port does not yet support windowing features. It works like a
+ text-only terminal, but it does support a mouse.
+
+ In general, support for non-GNU-like operating systems is not a high
+ priority for the GNU project. We merged in the support for Windows NT
+ because that system is expected to be very widely used.
+
+ ** Emacs supports Motif widgets.
+
+ You can build Emacs with Motif widgets by specifying --with-x-toolkit=motif
+ when you run configure.
+
+ Motif defines collections of windows called "tab groups", and uses the
+ tab key and the cursor keys to move between windows in a tab group.
+ Emacs naturally does not support this--it has other uses for the tab
+ key and cursor keys. Emacs does not support Motif accelerators either,
+ because it uses its normal keymap event binding features.
+
+ We give higher priority to operation with a free widget set than to
+ operation with a proprietary one.
+
+ ** If Emacs or the computer crashes, you can recover all the files you
+ were editing from their auto save files by typing M-x recover-session.
+ This first shows you a list of recorded interrupted sessions. Move
+ point to the one you choose, and type C-c C-c.
+
+ Then recover-session asks about each of the files that were being
+ edited during that session, asking whether to recover that file. If
+ you answer y, it calls recover-file, which works in its normal
+ fashion. It shows the dates of the original file and its auto-save
+ file and asks once again whether to recover that file.
+
+ When recover-session is done, the files you've chosen to recover
+ are present in Emacs buffers. You should then save them.
+ Only this--saving them--updates the files themselves.
+
+ ** Menu bar menus now stay up if you click on the menu bar item and
+ release the mouse button within a certain amount of time. This is in
+ the X Toolkit version.
+
+ ** The menu bar menus have been rearranged and split up to make for a
+ better organization. Two new menu bar menus, Tools and Search,
+ contain items that were formerly in the Files and Edit menus, as well
+ as some that did not exist in the menu bar menus before.
+
+ ** Emacs can now display on more than one X display at the same time.
+ Use the command make-frame-on-display to create a frame, specifying
+ which display to use.
+
+ ** M-x talk-connect sets up a multi-user talk connection
+ via Emacs. Specify the X display of the person you want to talk to.
+ You can talk to any number of people (within reason) by using
+ this command repeatedly to specify different people.
+
+ Emacs does not make a fuss about security; the people who you talk to
+ can use all Emacs features, including visiting and editing files. If
+ this frightens you, don't use M-x talk-connect.
+
+ ** The range of integer values is now at least 2**28 on all machines.
+ This means the maximum size of a buffer is at least 2**27-1,
+ or 134,217,727.
+
+ ** When you start Emacs, you can now specify option names in
+ long GNU form (starting with `--') and you can abbreviate the names.
+
+ You can now specify the options in any order.
+ The previous requirements about the order of options
+ have been eliminated.
+
+ The -L or --directory option lets you specify an additional
+ directory to search for Lisp libraries (including libraries
+ that you specify with the -l or --load options).
+
+ ** Incremental search in Transient Mark mode, if the mark is already
+ active, now leaves the mark active and does not change its position.
+ You can make incremental search deactivate the mark once again with
+ this expression.
+
+ (add-hook 'isearch-mode-hook 'deactivate-mark)
+
+ ** C-delete now deletes a word backwards. This is for compatibility
+ with some editors in the PC world. (This key is not available on
+ ordinary ASCII terminals, because C-delete is not a distinct character
+ on those terminals.)
+
+ ** ESC ESC ESC is now a command to escape from various temporary modes
+ and states.
+
+ ** M-x pc-bindings-mode sets up bindings compatible with many PC editors.
+ In particular, Delete and its variants delete forward instead of backward.
+ Use Backspace to delete backward.
+
+ C-Backspace kills backward a word (as C-Delete normally would).
+ M-Backspace does undo.
+ Home and End move to beginning and end of line
+ C-Home and C-End move to beginning and end of buffer.
+
+ ** The key sequence for evaluating a Lisp expression using the minibuffer
+ is now ESC :. It used to be ESC ESC, but we moved it to make way for
+ the ESC ESC ESC feature, on the grounds that people who evaluate Lisp
+ expressions are experienced users and can cope with a change.
+ If you prefer the old ESC ESC binding, put in your `~/.emacs':
+
+ (global-set-key "\e\e" 'eval-expression)
+
+ ** The f1 function key is now equivalent to the help key. This is
+ done with key-translation-map; delete the binding for f1 in that map
+ if you want to use f1 for something else.
+
+ ** Mouse-3, in the simplest case, still sets the region. But now, it
+ places the mark where point was, and sets point where you click.
+ (It used to set the mark where you click and leave point alone.)
+
+ If you position point with Mouse-1, then scroll with the scroll bar
+ and use Mouse-3, Mouse-3 uses the position you specified with Mouse-1
+ even if it has scrolled off the screen (and point is no longer there).
+ This makes it easier to select a region with the mouse which is bigger
+ than a screenful.
+
+ Any editing of the buffer, and any cursor motion or scrolling for any
+ reason other than the scroll bar, cancels the special state set up by
+ Mouse-1--so that a subsequent Mouse-3 click will use the actual value
+ of point.
+
+ ** C-mouse-3 now pops up a mode-specific menu of commands--normally
+ the same ones available in the mode's own menu bar menus.
+
+ ** C-mouse-2 now pops up a menu of faces, indentation, justification,
+ and certain other text properties. This menu is also available
+ through the menu-bar Edit menu. It is meant for use with Enriched
+ mode.
+
+ *** You can use this menu to change the face of the region.
+ You can also set the face of the region with the new M-g command.
+
+ *** The menu also includes commands for indenting the region,
+ which locally changes the values of left-margin and fill-column that
+ are used.
+
+ *** All fill functions now indent every line to the left-margin. If
+ there is also a fill-prefix, that goes after the margin indentation.
+
+ *** Open-line and newline also make sure that the lines they create
+ are indented to the left margin.
+
+ *** It also allows you to set the "justification" of the region:
+ whether it should be centered, flush right, and so forth. The fill
+ functions (including auto-fill-mode) will maintain the justification
+ and indentation that you request.
+
+ *** The new function `list-colors-display' shows you what colors are
+ available. This is also accessible from the C-mouse-2 menu.
+
+ ** You can now save and load files including their faces and other
+ text-properties by using Enriched-mode. Files are saved in an
+ extended version of the MIME text/enriched format. You can use the
+ menus described above, or M-g and other keyboard commands, to
+ alter the formatting information.
+
+ ** C-mouse-1 now pops up the menu for changing the frame's default font.
+
+ ** You can input Hyper, Super, Meta, and Alt characters, as well as
+ non-ASCII control characters, on an ASCII-only terminal.
+ To do this, use
+
+ C-x @ h -- hyper
+ C-x @ s -- super
+ C-x @ m -- meta
+ C-x @ a -- alt
+ C-x @ S -- shift
+ C-x @ c -- control
+
+ These are not ordinary key sequences; they operate through
+ function-key-map, which means they can be used even in the
+ middle of an ordinary key sequence.
+
+ ** Outline minor mode and Hideif mode now use C-c @ as their prefix
+ character.
+
+ ** Echo area messages are now logged in the "*Messages*" buffer. The
+ size of this buffer is limited to message-log-max lines.
+
+ ** RET in various special modes for read-only buffers that contain
+ lists of items now selects the item point is on. These modes include
+ Dired, Compilation buffers, Buffer-menu, Tar mode, and Occur mode.
+ (In Info, RET follows the reference near point; in completion list
+ buffers, RET chooses the completion around point.)
+
+ ** set-background-color now updates the modeline face in a special
+ way. If that face was previously set up to be reverse video, the
+ reverse of the default face, then set-background-color updates it so
+ that it remains the reverse of the default face.
+
+ ** The functions raise-frame and lower-frame are now commands.
+ When used interactively, they apply to the selected frame.
+
+ ** M-x buffer-menu now displays the buffer list in the selected window.
+ Use M-x buffer-menu-other-window to display it in another window.
+
+ ** M-w followed by a kill command now *does not* append the text in
+ the kill ring. In consequence, M-w followed by C-w works as you would
+ expect: it leaves the top of the kill ring matching the region that
+ you killed.
+
+ ** In Lisp mode, the C-M-x command now executes defvar forms in a
+ special way: it unconditionally sets the variable to the specified
+ default value, if there is one. Normal execution of defvar does not
+ alter the variable if it already has a non-void value.
+
+ ** In completion list buffers, the left and right arrow keys run the
+ new commands previous-completion and next-completion. They move one
+ completion at a time.
+
+ ** While doing completion in the minibuffer, the `prior' or `pageup'
+ key switches to the completion list window.
+
+ ** When you exit the minibuffer with empty contents, the empty string
+ is not put in the minibuffer history.
+
+ ** The default buffer for insert-buffer is now the "first" buffer
+ other than the current one. If you have more than one window, this
+ is a buffer visible in another window. (Usually it is the buffer
+ that C-M-v would scroll.)
+
+ ** The etags program is now capable of recording tags based on regular
+ expressions provided on the command line.
+
+ This new feature allows easy support for constructs not normally
+ handled by etags, such as the macros frequently used in big C/C++
+ projects to define project-specific structures. It also enables the
+ use of etags and TAGS files for languages not supported by etags.
+
+ The Emacs manual section on Tags contains explanations and examples
+ for Emacs's DEFVAR, VHDL, Cobol, Postscript and TCL.
+
+ ** Various mode-specific commands that used to be bound to C-c LETTER
+ have been moved.
+
+ *** In gnus-uu mode, gnus-uu-interactive-scan-directory is now on C-c C-d,
+ and gnus-uu-interactive-save-current-file is on C-c C-z.
+
+ *** In Scribe mode, scribe-insert-environment is now on C-c C-v,
+ scribe-chapter is on C-c C-c, scribe-subsection is on C-c C-s,
+ scribe-section is on C-c C-t, scribe-bracket-region-be is on C-c C-e,
+ scribe-italicize-word is on C-c C-i, scribe-bold-word is on C-c C-b,
+ and scribe-underline-word is on C-c C-u.
+
+ *** In Gomoku mode, gomoku-human-takes-back is now on C-c C-b,
+ gomoku-human-plays is on C-c C-p, gomoku-human-resigns is on C-c C-r,
+ and gomoku-emacs-plays is on C-c C-e.
+
+ *** In the Outline mode defined in allout.el,
+ outline-rebullet-current-heading is now on C-c *.
+
+ ** M-s in Info now searches through the nodes of the Info file,
+ just like s. The alias M-s was added so that you can use the same
+ command for searches in both Info and Rmail.
+
+ ** iso-acc.el now lets you enter inverted-! and inverted-?
+ with the sequences ~! and ~?.
+
+ ** M-x compare-windows now pushes mark in both windows before
+ it starts moving point.
+
+ ** There are two new commands in Dired, A (dired-do-search)
+ and Q (dired-do-query-replace). These are similar to tags-search and
+ tags-query-replace, but instead of searching the list of files that
+ appears in a tags table, they search all the files marked in Dired.
+
+ ** Changes to dabbrev.
+
+ A new function, `dabbrev-completion' (bound to M-C-/), expands the
+ unique part of an abbreviation.
+
+ Dabbrev now looks for expansions in other buffers, looks for symbols
+ instead of words and it works in the minibuffer.
+
+ Dabbrev can be customized to work for shell scripts, with variables
+ that sometimes have and sometimes haven't a leading "$". See the
+ variable 'dabbrev-abbrev-skip-leading-regexp'.
+
+ ** In Rmail, the command rmail-input-menu has been eliminated. The
+ feature of selecting an Rmail file from a menu is now implemented in
+ another way.
+
+ ** Bookmarks changes.
+
+ *** It now works to set bookmarks in Info nodes.
+
+ *** Bookmarks can have annotations; type "C-h m" after doing
+ "M-x list-bookmarks", for more information on annotations.
+
+ *** The bookmark-jump popup menu function is now `bookmark-menu-jump', for
+ those who bind it to a mouse click.
+
+ *** The default bookmarks file name is now "~/.emacs.bmk". If you
+ already have a bookmarks file, it will be renamed automagically when
+ you next load it.
+
+ ** New package, ps-print.
+
+ The ps-print package generates PostScript printouts of buffers or
+ regions, and includes face attributes such as color, underlining,
+ boldface and italics in the printed output.
+
+ ** New package, msb.
+
+ The msb package provides a buffer-menu in the menubar with separate
+ menus for different types of buffers.
+
+ ** `cpp.el' is a new library that can highlight or hide parts of a C
+ file according to C preprocessor conditionals. To try it, run the
+ command M-x cpp-highlight-buffer.
+
+ ** Changes in CC mode.
+
+ *** c-set-offset and related functions and variables can now accept
+ variable symbols. Also ++ and -- which mean 2* positive and negative
+ c-basic-offset respectively.
+
+ *** New variable, c-recognize-knr-p, which controls whether K&R C
+ constructs will be recognized. Trying to recognize K&R constructs is a
+ time hog so if you're programming strictly in ANSI C, set this
+ variable to nil (it should already be nil in c++-mode).
+
+ *** New variable, c-hanging-comment-ender-p for controlling
+ c-fill-paragraph's behavior.
+
+ *** New syntactic symbol: statement-case-open. This is assigned to lines
+ containing an open brace just after a case/default label.
+
+ *** New variable, c-progress-interval, which controls minibuffer update
+ message displays during long re-indention. This is a new feature
+ which prints percentage complete messages at specified intervals.
+
+ ** Makefile mode changes.
+
+ *** The electric keys are not enabled by default.
+
+ *** There is now a mode-specific menu bar menu.
+
+ *** The mode supports font-lock, add-log, and imenu.
+
+ *** The command M-TAB does completion of target names and variable names.
+
+ ** icomplete.el now works more like a minor mode. Use M-x icomplete-mode
+ to turn it on and off.
+
+ Icomplete now supports an `icomplete-minibuffer-setup-hook', which is
+ run on minibuffer setup whenever icompletion will be occurring. This
+ hook can be used to customize interoperation of icomplete with other
+ minibuffer-specific packages, eg rsz-mini. See the doc string for
+ more info.
+
+ ** Ediff change.
+
+ Use ediff-revision instead of vc-ediff. It also replaces rcs-ediff,
+ for those who use that; if you want to use a version control package
+ other than vc.el, you must set the variable
+ ediff-version-control-package to specify which package.
+
+ ** VC now supports branches with RCS.
+
+ You can use C-u C-x C-q to select any branch or version by number.
+ It reads the version number or branch number with the minibuffer,
+ then checks out the file unlocked.
+
+ Type C-x C-q again to lock the selected branch or version.
+ When you check in changes to that branch or version, there are two
+ possibilities:
+
+ -- If you've selected a branch, or a version at the tip of a branch,
+ then the new version adds to that branch. If you wish to create a
+ new branch, use C-u C-x C-q to specify a version number when you check
+ in the new version.
+
+ -- If you've selected an inner version which is not the latest in its
+ branch, then the new version automatically creates a new branch.
+
+ ** VC now supports CVS as well as RCS and SCCS.
+
+ Since there are no locks in CVS, some things behave slightly
+ different when the backend is CVS. When vc-next-action is invoked
+ in a directory handled by CVS, it does the following:
+
+ If the file is not already registered, this registers it for version
+ control. This does a "cvs add", but no "cvs commit".
+ If the file is added but not committed, it is committed.
+ If the file has not been changed, neither in your working area or
+ in the repository, a message is printed and nothing is done.
+ If your working file is changed, but the repository file is
+ unchanged, this pops up a buffer for entry of a log message; when you
+ finish the log message with C-c C-c, that checks in the resulting
+ changes along with the log message as change commentary. A writable
+ file remains in existence.
+
+ If vc-next-action changes the repository file, it asks you
+ whether to merge in the changes into your working copy.
+
+ vc-directory, when started in a CVS file hierarchy, reports
+ all files that are modified (and thus need to be committed).
+ (When the backend is RCS or SCCS vc-directory reports all
+ locked files).
+
+ VC has no support for running the initial "cvs checkout" to get a
+ working copy of a module. You can only use VC in a working copy of
+ a module.
+
+ You can disable the CVS support as follows:
+
+ (setq vc-master-templates (delq 'vc-find-cvs-master vc-master-templates))
+
+ or by setting vc-handle-cvs to nil.
+
+ This may be desirable if you run a non-standard version of CVS, or
+ if CVS was compiled with FORCE_USE_EDITOR or (possibly)
+ RELATIVE_REPOS.
+
+ ** Comint and shell mode changes:
+
+ *** Completion works with file names containing quoted characters.
+
+ File names containing special characters (such as " ", "!", etc.) that are
+ quoted with a "\" character are recognised during completion. Special
+ characters are quoted when they are inserted during completion.
+
+ *** You can use M-x comint-truncate-buffer to truncate the buffer.
+
+ When this command is run, the buffer is truncated to a maximum number
+ of lines, specified by the variable comint-buffer-maximum-size. Just
+ like the command comint-strip-ctrl-m, this can be run automatically
+ during process output by doing this:
+
+ (add-hook 'comint-output-filter-functions
+ 'comint-truncate-buffer)
+
+ ** Telnet mode buffer name changed.
+
+ The buffer name for a Telnet buffer is now *telnet-HOST*, not
+ *HOST-telnet*. This is for consistency with other Emacs packages.
+
+ ** M-x man (man) is now faster and more robust. On systems where the
+ entire man page is indented, the indentation is removed.
+
+ The user option names that used to end in -p now end in -flag. The
+ new names are: Man-reuse-okay-flag, Man-downcase-section-letters-flag,
+ Man-circular-pages-flag. The Man-notify user option has been renamed to
+ Man-notify-method and accepts one more value, `pushy', that just
+ switches the current buffer to the manpage buffer, without switching
+ frames nor changing your windows configuration.
+
+ A new user option Man-fontify-manpage-flag disables fontification
+ (thus speeding up man) when set to nil. Default is to fontify if a
+ window system is used. Two new user options Man-overstrike-face
+ (default 'bold) and Man-underline-face (default 'underline) can be set
+ to the preferred faces to be used for the words that man overstrikes
+ and underlines. Useful for those who like coloured man pages.
+
+ Two new interactive functions are provided: Man-cleanup-manpage and
+ Man-fontify-manpage. Both can be used on a buffer that contains the
+ output of a `rsh host man manpage' command, or the output of an
+ `nroff -man -Tman manpage' command to make them readable.
+ Man-cleanup-manpage is faster, but does not fontify.
+
+ ** The new function modify-face makes it easy to specify
+ all the attributes of a face, all at once.
+
+ ** Faces now support background stippling.
+
+ Use the command set-face-stipple to specify the stipple-pattern for a
+ face. Use face-stipple to access the specified stipple pattern. The
+ existing face functions now handle the stipple pattern when
+ appropriate.
+
+ If you specify one of the standard gray colors as a face background
+ color, and your display doesn't handle gray, Emacs automatically uses
+ stipple instead to get the same effect.
+
+ ** Changes in Font Lock mode.
+
+ *** Fontification
+
+ Two new default faces are provided; `font-lock-variable-name-face' and
+ `font-lock-reference-face'. The face `font-lock-doc-string-face' has
+ been removed since it is the same as the existing
+ `font-lock-string-face'. Where appropriate, fontification
+ automatically uses these new faces.
+
+ Fontification via commands `font-lock-mode' and
+ `font-lock-fontify-buffer' is now cleanly interruptible (i.e., with
+ C-g). If you interrupt during the fontification process, the buffer
+ remains in its previous modified state and all highlighting is removed
+ from the buffer.
+
+ For C/C++ modes, Font Lock mode is much faster but highlights much
+ more. Other modes are faster/more extensive/more discriminatory, or a
+ combination of these.
+
+ To enable Font Lock mode, add the new function `turn-on-font-lock' in
+ one of the following ways:
+
+ (add-hook 'c-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock)
+
+ Or for any visited file with:
+
+ (add-hook 'find-file-hooks 'turn-on-font-lock)
+
+ *** Supports color and grayscale displays
+
+ Font Lock mode supports different ways of highlighting, depending on
+ the type of display and background shade. Attributes (face color,
+ bold, italic and underline, and display type and background mode) can
+ be controlled either from Emacs Lisp or X resources.
+
+ See the new variables `font-lock-display-type' and
+ `font-lock-face-attributes'.
+
+ *** Supports more modes
+
+ The following modes are directly supported:
+
+ ada-mode, asm-mode, bibtex-mode, c++-c-mode, c++-mode, c-mode,
+ change-log-mode, compilation-mode, dired-mode, emacs-lisp-mode,
+ fortran-mode, latex-mode, lisp-mode, mail-mode, makefile-mode,
+ outline-mode, pascal-mode, perl-mode, plain-tex-mode, rmail-mode,
+ rmail-summary-mode, scheme-mode, shell-mode, slitex-mode, tex-mode,
+ texinfo-mode.
+
+ See the new variables `font-lock-defaults-alist' and
+ `font-lock-defaults'.
+
+ Some modes support different levels of fontification. You can choose
+ to use the minimum or maximum available decoration by changing the
+ value of the new variable `font-lock-maximum-decoration'.
+
+ Programmers are urged to make available to the community their own
+ keywords for modes not yet supported. See font-lock.el for
+ information about efficiency.
+
+ *** fast-lock
+
+ The fast-lock package speeds up Font Lock mode by saving font choices
+ in associated cache files. When you visit a file with Font Lock mode
+ and Fast Lock mode turned on for the first time, the file's buffer is
+ fontified as normal. When certain events occur (such as exiting
+ Emacs), Fast Lock saves the highlighting in a cache file. When you
+ subsequently visit this file, its cache is used to restore the
+ highlighting.
+
+ To use this package, put in your `~/.emacs':
+
+ (add-hook 'font-lock-mode-hook 'turn-on-fast-lock)
+
+ To control the use of caches, see the documentation for `fast-lock-mode'.
+
+ ** You can tell pop-to-buffer to display certain buffers in the selected
+ window rather than finding some other window to display them in.
+ There are two variables you can use to specify these buffers.
+
+ same-window-buffer-names holds a list of buffer names; if a buffer's
+ name appears in this list, pop-to-buffer puts it in the selected window.
+
+ same-window-regexps holds a list of regexps--if any one of them
+ matches a buffer's name, then pop-to-buffer puts that buffer in the
+ selected window.
+
+ The default values of these variables are not nil: they list various
+ buffers that normally appear, when you as for them, in the selected
+ window. These include shell buffers, mail buffers, telnet buffers,
+ and others. By removing elements from these variables, you can ask
+ Emacs to display those buffers in separate windows.
+
+ ** The special-display-buffer-names and special-display-regexps lists
+ have been generalized. An element may now be a list. The car of the list
+ is the buffer name or regular expression for matching buffer names.
+
+ The cdr of the list can be an alist specifying additional frame
+ parameters for use in constructing the special display frame.
+
+ Alternatively, the cdr can have this form:
+
+ (FUNCTION ARGS...)
+
+ where FUNCTION is a symbol. Then the frame is constructed by calling
+ FUNCTION; its first argument is the buffer, and its remaining
+ arguments are ARGS.
+
+ ** If the environment variable REPLYTO is set, its value is the default
+ for mail-default-reply-to.
+
+ ** When you send a message in Emacs, if you specify an Rmail file with
+ the FCC: header field, Emacs converts the message to Rmail format
+ before writing it. Thus, the file never contains anything but Rmail
+ format messages.
+
+ ** The new variable mail-from-style controls whether the From: header
+ should include the sender's full name, and if so, which format to use.
+
+ ** The new variable mail-personal-alias-file specifies the name of the
+ user's personal aliases. This defaults to the file ~/.mailrc.
+ mailabbrev.el used to have its own variable for this purpose
+ (mail-abbrev-mailrc-file). That variable is no longer used.
+
+ ** In Buffer-Menu mode, the d and C-d commands (which mark buffers for
+ deletion) now accept a prefix argument which serves as a repeat count.
+
+ ** Changes in BibTeX mode.
+
+ *** Reference keys can now be entered with TAB completion. All
+ reference keys defined in that buffer and all labels that appear in
+ crossreference entries are object to completion.
+
+ *** Braces are supported as field delimiters in addition to quotes.
+ BibTeX entries may have brace-delimited and quote-delimited fields
+ intermixed. The delimiters generated for new entries are specified by
+ the variables bibtex-field-left-delimiter and
+ bibtex-field-right-delimiter on a buffer-local basis. Those variables
+ default to braces, since it is easier to put quote accented characters
+ (as the german umlauts) into a brace-delimited entry.
+
+ *** The function bibtex-clean-entry can now be invoked with a prefix
+ argument. In this case, a label is automatically generated from
+ various fields in the record. If bibtex-clean-entry is invoked on a
+ record without label, a label is also generated automatically.
+ Various variables (all beginning with `bibtex-autokey-') control the
+ creation of that key. The variable bibtex-autokey-edit-before-use
+ determines, if the user is allowed to edit auto-generated reference
+ keys before they are used.
+
+ *** A New function bibtex-complete-string completes strings with
+ respect to the strings defined in this buffer and a set of predefined
+ strings (initialized to the string macros defined in the standard
+ BibTeX style files) in the same way in which ispell-complete-word
+ works with respect to words in a dictionary. Candidates for
+ bibtex-complete-string are initialized from variable
+ bibtex-predefined-strings and by parsing the files found in
+ bibtex-string-files for @String definitions.
+
+ *** Every reference/field pair has now attached a comment which
+ appears in the echo area when this field is edited. These comments
+ should provide useful hints for BibTeX usage, especially for BibTeX
+ beginners. New variable bibtex-help-message determines if these help
+ messages are to appear in the minibuffer when moving to a text entry.
+
+ *** Inscriptions of menu bar changed from "Entry Types" to
+ "Entry-Types" and "Bibtex Edit" to "BibTeX-Edit".
+
+ *** The variable bibtex-include-OPTcrossref is now not longer a binary
+ switch but a list of reference names which should contain a crossref
+ field. E.g., you can tell bibtex-mode you want a crossref field for
+ @InProceedings and @InBook entries but for no other.
+
+ *** The function validate-bibtex-buffer was completely rewritten to
+ validate if a buffer is syntactically correct. find-bibtex-duplicates
+ is no longer a function itself but was moved into
+ validate-bibtex-buffer.
+
+ *** Cleaning a BibTeX entry tests, if necessary fields are there.
+ E.g., if you tell bibtex-mode to include a crossref entry, some fields
+ are optional which would be required without the crossref entry. If
+ you now leave the crossref entry empty and do a bibtex-clean-entry
+ with some now required fields left empty, version 2.0 of bibtex.el
+ complains about the absence of these fields, whereas version 1.3
+ didn't.
+
+ *** Default value for variables bibtex-maintain-sorted-entries and
+ bibtex-sort-ignore-string-entries is now t.
+
+ *** All interactive functions are renamed to begin with `bibtex-'.
+
+ *** Keybindings with \C-c\C-e entry changed for unification. Often
+ used reference types are now on control-modified keys, mediocre used
+ types are on unmodified keys, seldom used types are on shift-modified
+ keys and almost never used types on meta-modified keys.
+
+ \f
+ * Configuration Changes in Emacs 19.29
+
+ ** Emacs now uses directory /usr/local/share for most of its installed
+ files. This follows a GNU convention for directory usage.
+
+ ** The option --with-x11 is no longer supported.
+ X11 is the only version of X that Emacs 19.29 supports;
+ use --with-x if you need to request X support explicitly.
+ (Normally this should not be necessary, since configure should
+ automatically enable X support if X is installed on your machine.)
+
+ ** If you use the site-init.el file to set the variable
+ mail-host-address to a string in the dumped Emacs, that string becomes
+ the default host address for initializing user-mail-address.
+ It is used instead of the value of (system-name).
+
+ \f
+ * Lisp-Level Changes in Emacs 19.29
+
+ ** Basic Lisp
+
+ *** The range of integer values is now at least 2**28 on all machines.
+ This means the maximum size of a buffer is at least 2**27-1,
+ or 134,217,727.
+
+ *** You can now use Common Lisp syntax for the backquote and comma
+ macros. Thus, you can now write `(x ,y z) instead of (` (x (, y) z)).
+
+ The old syntax is still accepted.
+
+ *** The new function rassoc is like assoc, except that it compares the
+ key against the cdr of each alist element, where assoc would compare
+ it against the car of each alist element.
+
+ *** The new function unintern deletes a symbol from an obarray. The
+ first argument can be the symbol to delete, or a string giving its
+ name. The second argument specifies the obarray (nil means the
+ current default obarray).
+
+ If the specified symbol is not in the obarray, or if there's no symbol
+ in the obarray matching the specified string, unintern does nothing
+ and returns nil. If it does delete a symbol, it returns t.
+
+ *** You can specify an alternative read function for use by load and
+ eval-region by binding the variable load-read-function to some other
+ function. This function should accept one argument just like read.
+ If load-read-function is nil, load and eval-region use ordinary read.
+
+ *** The new function `type-of' takes any object as argument, and
+ returns a symbol identifying the type of that object--one of `symbol',
+ `integer', `float', `string', `cons', `vector', `marker', `overlay',
+ `window', `buffer', `subr', `compiled-function',
+ `window-configuration', `process'.
+
+ *** When you use eval-after-load for a file that is already loaded, it
+ executes the FORM right away. As before, if the file is not yet
+ loaded, it arranges to execute FORM if and when the file is loaded
+ later. The result is: if you have called eval-after-load for a file,
+ and if that file has been loaded, then regardless of the order of
+ these two events, the specified form has been evaluated.
+
+ *** The Lisp construct #@NUMBER now skips the next NUMBER characters,
+ treating them as a comment.
+
+ You would not want to use this in a file you edit by hand, but it is
+ useful for commenting out parts of machine-generated files.
+
+ *** Two new functions, `plist-get' and `plist-put',
+ allow you to modify and retrieve values from lists formatted as property-lists.
+ They work like `get' and `put', but operate on any list.
+ `plist-put' returns the modified property-list; you must store it
+ back where you got it.
+
+ *** The new function add-to-list is called with two elements,
+ a variable that holds a list and a new element.
+ It adds the element to the list unless it is already present.
+ It compares elements using `equal'. Here is an example:
+
+ (setq foo '(a b)) => (a b)
+
+ (add-to-list 'foo 'c) => (c a b)
+
+ (add-to-list 'foo 'b) => (c a b)
+
+ foo => (c a b)
+
+ ** Changes in compilation.
+
+ Functions and variables loaded from a byte-compiled file
+ now refer to the file for their doc strings.
+
+ This has a few consequences:
+
+ -- Loading the file is faster and uses less memory.
+ -- Reference to doc strings is a little slower (the same speed
+ as reference to the doc strings of primitive and preloaded functions).
+ -- The compiled files will not work in old versions of Emacs.
+ -- If you move the compiled file after loading it, Emacs can no longer
+ find these doc strings.
+ -- If you alter the compiled file (such as by compiling a new
+ version), then further access to documentation strings will get
+ nonsense results.
+
+ The byte compiler now optionally supports lazy loading of compiled
+ functions' definitions. If you enable this feature when you compile,
+ loading the compiled file does not actually bring the function
+ definitions into core. Instead it creates references to the compiled
+ file, and brings each function's definition into core the first time
+ you call that function, or when you force it with the new function
+ `fetch-bytecode'.
+
+ Using the lazy loading feature has a few consequences:
+
+ -- Loading the file is faster and uses less memory.
+ -- Calling any function in the file for the first time is slower.
+ -- If you move the compiled file after loading it, Emacs can no longer
+ find the function definitions.
+ -- If you alter the compiled file (such as by compiling a new
+ version), then further access to functions not already loaded
+ will get nonsense results.
+
+ To enable the lazy loading feature, set up a non-nil file local
+ variable binding for the variable `byte-compile-dynamic' in the Lisp
+ source file. For example, put this on the first line:
+
+ -*-byte-compile-dynamic: t;-*-
+
+ It's a good idea to use the lazy loading feature for a file that
+ contains many functions, most of which are not actually used by a
+ given user in a given session.
+
+ To turn off the basic feature of referring to the file for doc
+ strings, set byte-compile-dynamic-docstrings to nil. You can do this
+ globally, or for one source file by adding this to the first line:
+
+ -*-byte-compile-dynamic-docstrings: nil;-*-
+
+ ** Strings
+
+ *** Do not pass integer arguments to `concat' (or `vconcat' or
+ `append'). We are phasing out the old unrecommended support for
+ integers as arguments to these functions, in preparation for treating
+ numbers as single characters in a future release. To concatenate
+ numbers in string form, use `number-to-string' first, or rewrite the
+ call to use `format' instead of `concat'.
+
+ *** The new function match-string returns the string of text matched at
+ the given parenthesized expression by the last regexp search, or nil
+ if there was no match. If the last match was by `string-match' on a
+ string, the string must be given. Therefore, this function can be
+ used in place of `buffer-substring' and `substring', when using
+ `match-beginning' and `match-end' to find match positions.
+
+ (match-string N) or (match-string N STRING)
+
+ *** The function replace-match now accepts an optional fourth argument,
+ STRING. Use this after performing string-match on STRING, to replace
+ the portion of STRING that was matched. When used in this way,
+ replace-match returns a newly created string which is the same as
+ STRING except for the matched portion.
+
+ *** The new function buffer-substring-no-properties
+ is like buffer-substring except that the string it returns
+ has no text properties.
+
+ *** The function `equal' now considers two strings to be different
+ if they don't have the same text properties.
+
+ ** Completion
+
+ *** all-completions now takes an optional fourth argument.
+ If that argument is non-nil, completions that start with a space
+ are ignored unless the initial string also starts with a space.
+ (This used to happen unconditionally.)
+
+ ** Local Variables
+
+ *** Local hook variables.
+
+ There is now a clean way to give a hook variable a buffer-local value.
+ Call the function `make-local-hook' to do this.
+
+ Once a hook variable is buffer-local, you can add hooks to it either
+ globally or locally. run-hooks runs the local hook functions
+ of the current buffer, then all the global hook functions.
+
+ The functions add-hook and remove-hook take an additional optional
+ argument LOCAL which says whether to add (or remove) a local hook
+ function or a global one.
+
+ Local hooks use t as an element of the (local) value of the hook
+ variable as a flag meaning to use the global value also.
+
+ *** The new function local-variable-p tells you whether a particular
+ variable is buffer-local in the current buffer or a specified buffer.
+
+ ** Editing Facilities
+
+ *** The function copy-region-as-kill no longer sets this-command;
+ as a result, a following kill command will not normally append
+ to the text saved by copy-region-as-kill.
+
+ *** Regular expression searching and matching no longer performs full
+ Posix backtracking by default. They now stop with the first match found
+ instead of looking for the longest match--just as they did in Emacs 18.
+ The reason for this change is to get higher speed.
+
+ There are new functions you can use if you really want to search or
+ match with Posix behavior: posix-search-forward,
+ posix-search-backward, posix-looking-at, and posix-string-match. Call
+ these just like re-search-forward, re-search-backward, looking-at, and
+ string-match.
+
+ ** Files
+
+ *** The new variable `format-alist' defines file formats,
+ which are ways of translating between the data in a file and things
+ (text, text-properties, and possibly other information) in a buffer.
+
+ `format-alist' has one element for each format. Each element is a
+ list like this:
+ (NAME DOC-STRING REGEXP FROM-FN TO-FN MODIFY MODE-FN)
+ containing the name of the format, a documentation string, a regular
+ expression which is used to recognize files in that format, a decoding
+ function, an encoding function, a flag that indicates whether the
+ encoding function modifies the buffer, and a mode function.
+
+ FROM-FN is called to decode files in that format; it gets two args, BEGIN
+ and END, and can make any modifications it likes, returning the new
+ end position. It must make sure that the beginning of the file no
+ longer matches REGEXP, or else it will get called again.
+ TO-FN is called to encode a region into that format; it is also passed BEGIN
+ and END, and either returns a list of annotations as in
+ `write-region-annotate-functions', or modifies the region and returns
+ the new end position.
+ MODIFY, if non-nil, means the TO-FN modifies the region. If nil, TO-FN may
+ not make any changes and should return a list of annotations.
+
+ `insert-file-contents' checks the beginning of the file that it is
+ inserting to see if it matches one of the regexps. If so, then it
+ calls the decoding function, and then looks for another match. When
+ visiting a file, it also calls the mode function, and sets the
+ variable `buffer-file-format' to the list of formats that the file
+ used.
+
+ `write-region' calls the encoding functions for each format in
+ `buffer-file-format' before it writes the file. To save a file in a
+ different format, either set `buffer-file-format' to a different
+ value, or call the new function `format-write-file'.
+
+ Since some encoding functions may be slow, you can request that
+ auto-save use a format different from the buffer's default by setting
+ the variable `auto-save-file-format' to the desired format. This will
+ determine the format of all auto-save files.
+
+ *** The new function file-ownership-preserved-p tells you whether
+ deleting a file and recreating it would keep the file's owner
+ unchanged.
+
+ *** The new function file-regular-p returns t if a file
+ is a "regular" file (not a directory, symlink, named pipe,
+ terminal, or other I/O device).
+
+ *** The new function file-name-sans-extension discards the extension
+ of a file name. You call it with a file name, and returns a string
+ lacking the extension.
+
+ *** The variable path-separator is a string which says which
+ character separates directories in a search path. It is ":"
+ for Unix and GNU systems, ";" for MSDOG and Windows NT.
+
+ ** Commands and Key Sequences
+
+ *** Key sequences consisting of C-c followed by {, }, <, >, : or ; are
+ now reserved for major modes. Sequences consisting of C-c followed by
+ any other punctuation character are now meant for minor modes. We don't
+ plan to convert all existing major modes to stop using those sequences,
+ but we hope to keep them to a minimum.
+
+ *** When the post-command-hook or the pre-command-hook gets an error, the error
+ is silently ignored. Emacs no longer sets the hook variable to nil when this
+ happens. Meanwhile, the hook functions can now alter the hook variable in
+ a normal fashion; there is no need to do anything special.
+
+ *** define-key, lookup-key, and various other functions for changing or
+ looking up key bindings now let you write an event type with a list
+ like (ctrl meta newline) or (meta ?d), as in XEmacs. (ctrl meta newline)
+ is equivalent to the event type symbol C-M-newline, and (meta ?d)
+ is equivalent to the character ?\M-d.
+
+ *** The function event-convert-list converts a list such as
+ (meta ?d) into the corresponding event type (a symbol or integer).
+
+ *** In an interactive spec, `k' means to read a key sequence. In this
+ key sequence, upper case characters and shifted function keys which
+ have no bindings are converted to lower case if that makes them
+ defined.
+
+ The new interactive code `K' reads a key sequence similarly, but does
+ not convert the last event. `K' is useful for reading a key sequence
+ to be given a binding.
+
+ *** The variable overriding-local-map now has no effect on the menu bar
+ display unless overriding-local-map-menu-flag is non-nil. This is why
+ incremental search no longer temporarily changes the menu bars.
+
+ Note that overriding-local-map does still affect the execution of key
+ sequences entered using the menu bar. So if you use
+ overriding-local-map, and a menu bar key sequence comes in, you should
+ make sure to clear overriding-local-map before that key sequence gets
+ looked up and executed. But this is what you'd normally do anyway:
+ programs that use overriding-local-map normally exit and "put back"
+ any event such as menu-bar that they do not handle specially.
+
+ *** The new variable `overriding-terminal-local-map' is like
+ overriding-local-map, but is specific to a single terminal.
+
+ *** delete-frame events.
+
+ When you use the X window manager's "delete window" command, this now
+ generates a delete-frame event. The standard definition of this event
+ is a command that deletes the frame that received the event, and kills
+ Emacs when the last visible or iconified frame is deleted. You can
+ rebind the event to some other command if you wish.
+
+ *** Two new types of events, iconify-frame and make-frame-visible,
+ indicate that the user iconified or deiconified a frame with the
+ window manager. Since the window manager has already done the work,
+ the default definition for both event types in Emacs is to do nothing.
+
+ ** Frames and X
+
+ *** Certain Lisp variables are now local to an X terminal (in other
+ words, all the screens of a single X server). The value in effect, at
+ any given time, is the one that belongs to the terminal of the
+ selected frame. The terminal-local variables are
+ default-minibuffer-frame, system-key-alist, defining-kbd-macro, and
+ last-kbd-macro. There is no way for Lisp programs to create others.
+
+ The terminal-local variables cannot be buffer-local.
+
+ *** When you create an X frame, for the `top' and `left' frame
+ parameters, you can now use values of the form (+ N) or (- N), where N
+ is an integer. (+ N) means N pixels to the right of the left edge of
+ the screen and (- N) means N pixels to the left of the right edge. In
+ both cases, N may be zero (exactly at the edge) or negative (putting
+ the window partly off the screen).
+
+ The function x-parse-geometry can return values of these forms
+ for certain inputs.
+
+ *** The variable menu-bar-file-menu has been renamed to
+ menu-bar-files-menu to match the actual item that appears in the menu.
+ (All the other such variable names do match.)
+
+ *** The new function active-minibuffer-window returns the minibuffer window
+ currently active, or nil if none is now active.
+
+ *** In the functions next-window, previous-window, next-frame,
+ previous-frame, get-buffer-window, get-lru-window, get-largest-window
+ and delete-windows-on, if you specify 0 for the last argument,
+ it means to consider all visible and iconified frames.
+
+ *** When you set a frame's cursor type with modify-frame-parameters,
+ you can now specify (bar . INTEGER) as the cursor type. This stands
+ for a bar cursor of width INTEGER.
+
+ *** The new function facep returns t if its argument is a face name
+ (or if it is a vector such as is used internally by the Lisp code
+ to represent a face).
+
+ *** Each frame can now have a buffer-predicate function,
+ which is the `buffer-predicate' frame parameter.
+ When `other-buffer' looks for an alternative buffer, it considers
+ only the buffers that fit the selected frame's buffer predicate (if it
+ has one). This is useful for applications that make their own frames.
+
+ *** When you create an X frame, you can now specify the frame parameter
+ `display'. This says which display to put the frame on. The value
+ should be a display name--a string of the form
+ "HOST:DPYNUMBER.SCREENNUMBER".
+
+ The functions x-server-... and x-display-... now take an optional
+ argument which specifies the display to ask about. You can use either
+ a display name string or a frame. A value of nil stands for the
+ selected frame.
+
+ To close the connection to an X display, use the function
+ x-close-connection. Specify which display with a display name. You
+ cannot close the connection if Emacs still has frames open on that
+ display.
+
+ x-display-list returns a list indicating which displays Emacs has
+ connections to. Its elements are display names (strings).
+
+ *** The icon-type frame parameter may now be a file name.
+ Then the contents of that file specify the icon bitmap to use
+ for that frame.
+
+ *** The title of an Emacs frame, displayed by most window managers, is
+ set from frame-title-format or icon-title-format. These have the same
+ structure as mode-line-format.
+
+ *** x-display-grayscale-p is a new function that returns non-nil if
+ your X server can display shades of gray. Currently it returns
+ non-nil for color displays (because they can display shades of gray);
+ we may change it in the next version to return nil for color displays.
+
+ *** The frame parameter scroll-bar-width specifies the width of the
+ scrollbar in pixels.
+
+ ** Buffers
+
+ *** Creating a buffer with get-buffer-create does not obey
+ default-major-mode. That variable is now handled in a separate
+ function, set-buffer-major-mode. get-buffer-create and generate-new-buffer
+ always leave the newly created buffer in Fundamental mode.
+
+ Creating a new buffer by visiting a file or with switch-to-buffer,
+ pop-to-buffer, and similar functions does call set-buffer-major-mode
+ to select the default major mode specified with default-major-mode.
+
+ *** You can now create an "indirect buffer". An indirect buffer shares
+ its text, including text properties, with another buffer (the "base
+ buffer"), but has its own major mode, local variables, overlays, and
+ narrowing. An indirect buffer has a name of its own, distinct from
+ those of the base buffer and all other buffers. An indirect buffer
+ cannot itself be visiting a file (though its base buffer can be).
+ The base buffer cannot itself be indirect.
+
+ Use (make-indirect-buffer BASE-BUFFER NAME) to make an indirect buffer
+ named NAME whose base is BASE-BUFFER. If BASE-BUFFER is an indirect
+ buffer, its base buffer is used as the base for the new buffer.
+
+ You can make an indirect buffer current, or switch to it in a window,
+ just as you would a non-indirect buffer.
+
+ The function buffer-base-buffer, given an indirect buffer, returns its
+ base buffer. It returns nil when given an ordinary buffer (not
+ indirect).
+
+ The library `noutline' has versions of Outline mode and Outline minor
+ mode which let you display different parts of the outline in different
+ indirect buffers.
+
+ ** Subprocesses
+
+ *** The functions call-process and call-process-region now allow
+ you to direct error message output from the subprocess into a
+ separate destination, instead of mixing it with ordinary output.
+ To do this, specify for the third argument, BUFFER, a list of the form
+ (BUFFER-OR-NAME ERROR-DESTINATION)
+ BUFFER-OR-NAME specifies where to put ordinary output; it should
+ be a buffer or buffer name, or t, nil or 0. This is what would
+ have been the BUFFER argument, ordinarily.
+
+ ERROR-DESTINATION specifies where to put the error output.
+ nil means discard it, t means mix it with the ordinary output,
+ and a string specifies a file name to write this output into.
+
+ You can't specify a buffer to put the error output in; that is not
+ easy to implement directly. You can put the error output into a
+ buffer by sending it to a temporary file and then inserting the file
+ into a buffer.
+
+ *** Comint mode changes:
+
+ **** The variable comint-completion-addsuffix can also be a cons pair
+ of the form (DIRSUFFIX . FILESUFFIX), where DIRSUFFIX and FILESUFFIX are
+ strings added on unambiguous or exact completion of directories and file
+ names, respectively.
+
+ ** Text properties
+
+ *** You can now specify which values of the `invisible' property
+ make text invisible in a given buffer. The variable
+ `buffer-invisibility-spec', which is always local in all buffers,
+ controls this.
+
+ If its value is t, then any non-nil `invisible' property makes
+ a character invisible.
+
+ If its value is a list, then a character is invisible if its
+ `invisible' property value appears as a member of the list, or if it
+ appears as the car of a member of the list.
+
+ When the `invisible' property value appears as the car of a member of
+ the `buffer-invisibility-spec' list, then the cdr of that member has
+ an effect. If it is non-nil, then an ellipsis appears in place of the
+ character. (This happens only for the *last* invisible character in a
+ series of consecutive invisible characters, and only at the end of a
+ line.)
+
+ If a character's `invisible' property is a list, then Emacs checks each
+ element of the list against `buffer-invisibility-spec'. If any element
+ matches, the character is invisible.
+
+ *** The command `list-text-properties-at' shows what text properties
+ are in effect at point.
+
+ *** Frame objects now exist in Emacs even on systems that don't support
+ X Windows. You can create multiple frames, and switch between them
+ using select-frame. The selected frame is actually displayed on your
+ terminal; other frames are not displayed at all. The selected frame
+ number appears in the mode line after `Emacs', except for frame 1.
+
+ Switching frames on ASCII terminals is therefore more or less
+ equivalent to switching between different window configurations.
+
+ *** The new variable window-size-change-functions holds a list of
+ functions to be called if window sizes change (or if windows are
+ created or deleted). The functions are called once for each frame on
+ which changes have occurred, with the frame as the sole argument.
+ This takes place shortly before redisplay.
+
+ *** The modification hook functions of overlays now work differently.
+ They are called both before and after each change. This makes it
+ possible for the functions to determine exactly what the change was.
+
+ This change affects three overlay properties: the modification-hooks
+ property, a list of functions called for deletions overlapping the
+ overlay's range and for insertions inside it; the
+ insert-in-front-hooks, a list of functions called for insertions at
+ the beginning of the overlay; and the insert-behind-hooks, a list of
+ functions called for insertions at the end of the overlay.
+
+ Each function is called both before and after each change that it
+ applies to. Before the change, it is called with four arguments:
+ (funcall FUNCTION OVERLAY nil START END)
+ START and END are the same arguments that the before-change-functions
+ receive.
+
+ After the change, each function is called with five arguments:
+ (funcall FUNCTION OVERLAY t START END OLDSIZE)
+ The last arguments, START and END and OLDSIZE,
+ are the same arguments that the after-change-functions receive.
+
+ This means the function must accept either four or five arguments.
+
+ *** You can set defaults for text-properties with the new variable
+ `default-text-properties'. Its value is a property list; the values
+ specified there are used whenever a character (or its category) does
+ not specify a value.
+
+ *** The `face' property of a character or an overlay can now be a list
+ of face names. Formerly it had to be just one face name.
+
+ *** Changes in handling the `intangible' text property.
+
+ **** If inhibit-point-motion-hooks is non-nil, then `intangible' properties
+ are ignored.
+
+ **** Moving to just before a stretch of intangible text
+ is no longer special in any way. Point stays at that place.
+
+ **** When you move point backwards into the midst of intangible text,
+ point moves back to the beginning of that text. (It used to move
+ forward to the end of that text, which was not very useful.)
+
+ **** When moving across intangible text, Emacs stops wherever the
+ property value changes. So if you have two stretches of intangible
+ text, with different non-nil intangible properties, it is possible to
+ place point between them.
+
+ ** Overlays
+
+ *** Overlay changes.
+
+ **** The new function previous-overlay-change returns the position of
+ the previous overlay start or end, before a specified position. This
+ is the backwards-moving counterpart of next-overlay-change.
+
+ **** overlay-get now supports category properties on an overlay
+ the same way get-text-property supports them as text properties.
+
+ Specifically, if an overlay does not have the property PROP that you
+ ask for, but it does have a `category' property which is a symbol,
+ then that symbol's PROP property is used.
+
+ **** If an overlay has a non-nil `evaporate' property, it will be
+ deleted if it ever becomes empty (i.e., when it spans no characters).
+
+ **** If an overlay has a `before-string' and/or `after-string' property,
+ these strings are displayed at the overlay's endpoints.
+
+ ** Filling
+
+ *** The new variable fill-paragraph-function provides a way for major
+ modes to override the filling of paragraphs. If this is non-nil,
+ fill-paragraph calls it as a function, passing along its sole
+ argument. If the function returns non-nil, fill-paragraph assumes it
+ has done the job and simply passes on whatever value it returned.
+
+ The usual use of this feature is to fill comments in programming
+ language modes.
+
+ *** Text filling and justification changes:
+
+ **** The new variable use-hard-newlines can be used to make a
+ distinction between "hard" and "soft" newlines; the fill functions
+ will then never remove a newline that was manually inserted. Hard
+ newlines are marked with a non-nil `hard' text-property.
+
+ **** The fill-column and left-margin can now be modified by text-properties.
+ Most lisp programs should use the new functions (current-fill-column) and
+ (current-left-margin), which return the proper values to use for the
+ current line.
+
+ **** There are new functions for dealing with margins:
+
+ ***** Set-left-margin and set-right-margin (set the value for a region
+ and re-fill). These functions take three arguments: two to specify
+ a region, and the desired margin value.
+
+ ***** Increase-left-margin, decrease-left-margin, increase-right-margin, and
+ decrease-right-margin (change settings relative to current values, and
+ re-fill).
+
+ ***** move-to-left-margin moves point there, optionally adding
+ indentation or changing tabs to spaces in order to make that possible.
+ beginning-of-line-text also moves past the fill-prefix and any
+ indentation added to center or right-justify a line, to the beginning
+ of the text that the user actually typed.
+
+ ***** delete-to-left-margin removes any left-margin indentation, but
+ does not change the property.
+
+ **** The paragraph-movement functions look for the paragraph-start and
+ paragraph-separate regexps at the current left margin, not at the
+ beginning of the line. This means that those regexps should NOT use ^
+ to anchor the search. However, for backwards compatibility, a ^ at
+ the beginning of the regexp will be ignored, so most packages won't break.
+
+ **** justify-current-line is now capable of doing left, center, or
+ right justification as well as full justification.
+
+ **** The fill functions can do any kind of justification based on the new
+ `justification' text-property and `default-justification' variable,
+ or arguments to the functions. They also have a new option which
+ defeats the normal removal of extra whitespace.
+
+ **** The new function `current-justification' returns the kind of
+ justification used for the current line. The new function
+ `set-justification' can be used to change it, including re-justifying
+ the text of the region according to the new value.
+
+ **** Filling and auto-fill are disabled if justification is `none'.
+
+ **** The auto-fill-function is now called regardless of whether
+ the fill-column has been exceeded; the function can determine on its
+ own whether filling (or justification) is necessary.
+
+ ** Processes
+
+ *** process-tty-name is a new function that returns the name of the
+ terminal that the process itself reads and writes on (not the name of
+ the pty that Emacs uses to talk with that terminal).
+
+ *** Errors in process filters and sentinels are now normally caught
+ automatically, so that they don't abort other Lisp programs.
+
+ Setting debug-on-error non-nil turns off this feature; then errors in
+ filters and sentinels are not caught. As a result, they can invoke
+ the debugger, under the control of debug-on-error.
+
+ *** Emacs now preserves the match data around the execution of process
+ filters and sentinels. You can use search and match functions freely
+ in filters and sentinels without explicitly bothering to save the
+ match data.
+
+ ** Display
+
+ *** The variable message-log-max controls how messages are logged in the
+ "*Messages*" buffer. An integer value means to keep that many lines;
+ t means to log with no limit; nil means disable message logging. Lisp
+ code that calls `message' excessively (e.g. isearch.el) should probably
+ bind this variable to nil.
+
+ *** Display tables now have a new element, at index 261, specifying the
+ glyph to use for the separator between two side-by-side windows. By
+ default, this is the vertical bar character `|'. Probably the only
+ other useful character to store for this element is a space, to make
+ less visual separation between two side-by-side windows displaying
+ related information.
+
+ *** The new mode-line-format spec %c displays the current column number.
+
+ *** The new variable blink-matching-delay specifies how long to keep
+ the cursor at the matching open-paren, after you insert a close-paren.
+ This is useful mainly on systems which can wait for a fraction of a
+ second--you can then specify fractional values such as 0.5.
+
+ *** Faster processing of buffers with long lines
+
+ The new variable cache-long-line-scans determines whether Emacs
+ should use caches to handle long lines more quickly. This variable is
+ buffer-local, in all buffers.
+
+ Normally, the line-motion functions work by scanning the buffer for
+ newlines. Columnar operations (like `move-to-column' and
+ `compute-motion') also work by scanning the buffer, summing character
+ widths as they go. This works well for ordinary text, but if the
+ buffer's lines are very long (say, more than 500 characters), these
+ motion functions will take longer to execute. Emacs may also take
+ longer to update the display.
+
+ If cache-long-line-scans is non-nil, these motion functions cache
+ the results of their scans, and consult the cache to avoid rescanning
+ regions of the buffer until the text is modified. The caches are most
+ beneficial when they prevent the most searching---that is, when the
+ buffer contains long lines and large regions of characters with the
+ same, fixed screen width.
+
+ When cache-long-line-scans is non-nil, processing short lines will
+ become slightly slower (because of the overhead of consulting the
+ cache), and the caches will use memory roughly proportional to the
+ number of newlines and characters whose screen width varies.
+
+ The caches require no explicit maintenance; their accuracy is
+ maintained internally by the Emacs primitives. Enabling or disabling
+ the cache should not affect the behavior of any of the motion functions;
+ it should only affect their performance.
+
+ ** System Interface
+
+ *** The function user-login-name now accepts an optional
+ argument uid. If the argument is non-nil, user-login-name
+ returns the login name for that user id.
+
+ *** system-name, user-name, user-full-name and user-real-name are now
+ variables as well as functions. The variables hold the same values
+ that the functions would return. The new variable multiple-frames
+ is non-nil if at least two non-minibuffer frames are visible. These
+ variables may be useful in constructing the value of frame-title-format
+ or icon-title-format.
+
+ *** Changes in time-conversion functions.
+
+ **** The new function format-time-string takes a format string and a
+ time value. It converts the time to a string, according to the format
+ specified. You can specify what kind of conversion to use with
+ %-specifications.
+
+ **** The new function decode-time converts a time value into a list of
+ specific items of information: the year, month, day of week, day of
+ month, hour, minute and second. (A time value is a list of two or
+ three integers.)
+
+ **** The new function encode-time converts specific items of time
+ information--the second, minute, hour, day, month, year, and time
+ zone--into a time value.
+
+
+ \f
+ * Changes in Emacs 19.27
+
+ There are no changes; however, here is one bug fix made in 19.26 that users
+ think should be documented here.
+
+ ** SPC and DEL in Info now handle menus consistently.
+
+ SPC and DEL scroll through an entire subtree an Info manual. Once you
+ scroll through a node far enough to reach a menu, SPC begins moving
+ into the subnodes of the menu, starting with the first one. When you
+ reach the end of a subnode, SPC moves into the next subnode, and so
+ on.
+
+ DEL more or less scrolls through the same text in reverse order.
+
+
+ \f
+ * User Editing Changes in Emacs 19.26
+
+ ** In the X toolkit version, if you click on a menu bar item and
+ release the button quickly outside the menu, the menu remains visible
+ until you click or type something else. If you click on the menu, you
+ select from the menu. Any other mouse click makes the menu disappear.
+ Keyboard input gets rid of the menu and then is processed normally.
+
+ "Quickly" means within double-click-time milliseconds.
+
+ ** The C-x 5 commands to select a buffer in "another frame" now use an
+ existing iconified frame, if any, deiconifying it. They also raise
+ the frame.
+
+ ** Region highlighting on a black-and-white-only display now uses
+ underlining. Inverse-video had the problem that you couldn't see
+ the cursor.
+
+ ** You can now change the height of a window by pressing mouse-1 on
+ the mode line and dragging it up and down.
+
+ ** If you set the environment variable LC_CTYPE to iso_8859_1 or
+ iso-8859-1, Emacs automatically sets up for display and syntactic
+ handling of the ISO Latin-1 character set.
+
+ This does not automatically load any of the packages for input of
+ these characters, because it's not yet clear what is right to do.
+ You must still explicitly load either iso-transl or iso-acc.
+
+ ** For a read-only buffer that is also modified, the mode line now displays
+ %* instead of %%.
+
+ ** M-prior (scroll-other-window-down) is a new command that works like
+ M-next (and C-M-v) but scrolls in the opposite direction.
+
+ M-home moves to the beginning of the buffer, in the other window.
+ M-end moves to the end of the buffer, in the other window. These two
+ commands, along with M-next and M-prior, form a series of commands for
+ moving around in the other window.
+
+ ** In change logs, the mail address is now delimited with <...> instead
+ of (...).
+
+ This makes it a little more convenient to extract the mail address for
+ use in mailing a message.
+
+ ** In Shell mode and other comint modes, C-a has now returned to
+ its ordinary meaning: move to the beginning of the line.
+ Use C-c C-a to move to the end of the prompt.
+
+ ** If you set mail-signature to t to cause automatic insertion of
+ your .signature file, you now get a -- before the signature.
+
+ ** Setting rmail-highlighted-headers to nil entirely turns off
+ highlighting in Rmail. However, if your motivation for doing this is
+ that the highlighted text doesn't look good on your display, it might
+ be better to change the appearance of the `highlight' face. Once
+ you've done that, you may find Rmail highlighting is useful.
+
+ ** In the calendar, mouse-2 is now used only for commands that apply to a date.
+ If you click it when not on a date, it gives an immediate error.
+
+ Mouse-3 in the calendar now gives a menu of commands that do not apply
+ to a particular date.
+
+ The D command displays diary entries from a specified diary file (not
+ your standard diary file).
+
+ ** In the gnus-uu package, the binding for gnus-uu-threaded-decode-and-view
+ is now C-c C-v C-d, not C-c C-v C-h. Thus, C-c C-v C-h is now available
+ for asking for a list of the subcommands of C-c C-v.
+
+ ** You can now specify "who you are" for various Emacs packages by
+ setting just one variable, user-mail-address. This currently applies
+ to posting news with GNUS and to making change log entries. It may
+ apply to additional Emacs features in the future.
+
+ \f
+ * Lisp-Level Changes in Emacs 19.26:
+
+ ** The function insert-char now takes an optional third argument
+ which, if non-nil, says the inserted characters should inherit sticky
+ text properties from the surrounding text.
+
+ ** The `diary' library has been renamed to `diary-lib'. If you refer
+ to this library in your Lisp code, you must update the references.
+
+ ** Sending text to a subprocess can read input from subprocesses if it
+ has to wait because the destination subprocess's terminal input buffer
+ is full.
+
+ It was already possible in unusual occasions for this operation to
+ read subprocess input, but it did not happen very often. It is now
+ more likely to happen.
+
+ ** last-nonmenu-event is now bound to t around filter functions and sentinels.
+ This is to ensure that y-or-n-p and yes-or-no-p use the keyboard by default.
+
+ ** In mode lines, %+ now displays as % for unmodified read-only
+ buffers. It is now the same as %* except in the case of a modified
+ read-only buffer; in that case, %+ displays as *.
+
+ The old meaning of %+ is now available on %&.
+ It displays * for a modified buffer and - for an unmodified buffer,
+ regardless of read-only status.
+
+ ** You can now use `underline' in the color list of a face.
+ It serves as a last resort, and says to underline the face
+ (if previous color list elements can't be used).
+
+ ** The new function x-color-values returns the list of color values
+ for a given color name (a string). The list contains three integers
+ which give the amounts of red, green and blue in the color: (R G B).
+
+ ** In run-at-time, 0 as the repeat interval means "don't repeat".
+
+ ** The variable trim-versions-without-asking has been renamed to
+ delete-old-versions.
+
+ ** The new function other-window-for-scrolling returns the choice of
+ other window for C-M-v to scroll.
+
+ ** Note that the function fceiling was mistakenly documented as fceil before.
+
+ \f
+ * Changes in cc-mode.el in Emacs 19.26:
+
+ ** A new syntactic symbol has been added: substatement-open. It
+ defines the open brace of a substatement block. These used to get:
+ ((block-open ...) (substatement . ...)).
+
+ Non-block substatement lines still get just ((substatement . ...))
+
+ Note that the custom indent function c-adaptive-block-open has been
+ removed as obsolete.
+
+ ** You can now specify the `hanginess' of closing braces. See
+ c-hanging-braces-alist.
+
+ ** Recognizes try and catch blocks in C++. They are given the
+ substatement syntactic symbol.
+
+ ** should be generally more forgiving about non-GNU standard top-level
+ construct definition styles (i.e. where the function/class/struct
+ opening brace does not start in column zero).
+
+ If you hang the braces that open a top-level construct on the right
+ edge, and you find you still need to define defun-open-prompt (Emacs
+ 19) please let me know. Note that there may still be performance
+ issues related to non-column zero opening braces.
+
+ ** c-macro-expand is put on C-c C-e
+
+ ** New style: "Default". Resets indentation to those shipped with
+ cc-mode.el.
+
+ ** internal defun c-indent-via-language-element has been renamed
+ c-indent-line for compatibility with c-mode.el and awk-mode.
+
+ ** new buffer-local variable c-comment-start-regexp for (potential)
+ flexibility in adding new modes based on cc-mode.el
+
+
+ \f
+ * Changes in Emacs 19.25
+
+ The variable x-cross-pointer-shape (which didn't really exist) has
+ been renamed to x-sensitive-text-pointer-shape, and now does exist.
+
+
+ \f
+ * Changes in Emacs 19.24
+
+ Here is a list of new Lisp packages introduced since 19.22.
+
+ derived.el Define new major modes based on old ones.
+ dired-x.el Extra Dired features.
+ double.el New mode for conveniently inputting non-beyond chars.
+ easymenu.el Create menus easily.
+ ediff.el Snazzy diff interface.
+ foldout.el A kind of outline mode designed for editing programs.
+ gnus-uu.el UUdecode in GNUS buffers.
+ ielm.el Interactively evaluate Lisp.
+ This is a replacement for Lisp Interaction Mode.
+ iso-cvt.el Conversion of beyond-ASCII characters between
+ various different representations.
+ jka-compr.el Automatic compression/decompression.
+ mldrag.el Drag modeline to change heights of windows.
+ mail-hist.el Provides history for headers of outgoing mail.
+ rsz-mini.el Automatically resizing minibuffers.
+ s-region.el Set region by holding shift.
+ skeleton.el Templates for statement insertion.
+ soundex.el Classifying words by how they sound.
+ tempo.el Template insertion with hotspots.
+
+
+ \f
+ * User Editing Changes in 19.23.
+
+ ** Emacs 19.23 uses Ispell version 3.
+
+ Previous Emacs 19 versions used Ispell version 4. That version had
+ improvements in storing the dictionary compactly, but these are not
+ very important nowadays. Meanwhile, in parallel to the work on Ispell
+ 4, many useful features were added to Ispell 3. Until a few months
+ ago, the terms on Ispell 3 did not let us use it; but they have now
+ been changed, so now we are using it. We are dropping Ispell 4.
+
+ ** Emacs 19.23 can run on MS-DOG. See the file MSDOS in the same
+ directory as this file.
+
+ ** Emacs 19.23 can work with an X toolkit. You must specify toolkit
+ operation when you configure Emacs: use the option
+ --with-x-toolkit=yes. (This option uses code developed by Lucid;
+ thanks to Frederic Pierresteguy for helping to adapt it.)
+
+ ** Emacs now has dialog boxes; yes/no and y/n questions automatically
+ use them in commands invoked with the mouse. For more information,
+ see below under "Lisp programming changes".
+
+ ** Menus now display the keyboard equivalents (if any) of the menu
+ commands in parentheses after the menu item.
+
+ ** Kill commands, used in a read-only buffer, now move point across
+ the text they would otherwise have killed. This way, you can use
+ repeated kill commands to transfer text into the kill ring.
+
+ ** There is now a global mark ring in addition to the mark ring that is local
+ to each buffer. The global mark ring stores positions in any buffer. Any
+ time the mark is set and the current buffer is different from the last time
+ the mark was set, the new mark is pushed on the global mark ring as well.
+ The new command C-x C-SPC (pop-global-mark) pops the global mark ring and
+ jumps to the last mark pushed, first switching to that buffer.
+
+ ** Query Replace is now available in the Edit menu.
+
+ ** ESC no longer simply exits a Query Replace. It now exits the Query
+ Replace and remains pending. Thus, ESC A and M-A are now equivalent
+ in Query Replace.
+
+ To simply exit a Query Replace, type RET or Period.
+
+ ** M-mouse-2 now puts point at the end of the yanked secondary selection.
+
+ ** Mouse-1 in the mode line now simply selects the window above that
+ mode line. Mouse-2 in the mode line selects that window and expands
+ it to fill the frame it is in.
+
+ ** You can now use mouse-2 in a Dired buffer or Tar mode buffer to find
+ a file you click on, in a compilation buffer to go to a particular
+ error message, and in a *Occur* buffer to go to a particular
+ occurrence.
+
+ (It was already possible to do likewise in Info and in completion list
+ buffers.)
+
+ What's more, the sensitive areas of the buffer now highlight when you
+ move the mouse over them.
+
+ ** In a completion list buffer, the command RET now chooses the completion
+ that is around or next to point.
+
+ ** If you specify the foreground color for the `mode-line' face, and
+ mode-line-inverse-video is non-nil, then the default background color
+ is the usual foreground color.
+
+ ** revert-buffer now preserves markers pointing within the unchanged
+ text (if any) at the beginning and end of the file.
+
+ ** Version control checkin and checkout preserve all markers if the
+ file does not contain any of the magic version header sequences that
+ are updated automatically by RCS and SCCS. If such version headers
+ are present, checkin and checkout preserve a marker unless it comes
+ between two such sequences. (So it's a good idea to put all the
+ header sequences close together.)
+
+ ** When a large deletion shuts off auto save temporarily in a buffer,
+ you can now turn it on again by saving the buffer with C-x C-s (as was
+ possible in Emacs 18). You can also turn it on again with M-1 M-x
+ auto-save (as has been possible in Emacs 19).
+
+ ** C-x r d now runs the command delete-rectangle.
+
+ ** The new command imenu shows you a menu of interesting places in the
+ current buffer and lets you select one; then it moves point there.
+ The definition of interesting places depends on the major mode, but
+ typically this includes function definitions and such. Normally,
+ imenu displays the menu in a buffer; but if you bind it to a mouse
+ event, it shows a mouse popup menu.
+
+ ** You can make certain chosen buffers, that normally appear in a
+ separate window, appear in special frames of their own. To do this,
+ set special-display-buffer-names to a list of buffer names; any buffer
+ whose name is in that list automatically gets a special frame when it
+ is to be displayed in another window.
+
+ A good value to try is ("*compilation*" "*grep*" "*TeX Shell*").
+
+ More generally, you can set special-display-regexps to a list of regular
+ expressions; then each buffer whose name matches any of those regular
+ expressions gets its own frame.
+
+ The variable special-display-frame-alist specifies the frame
+ parameters for these frames. It has a default value, so you don't
+ need to set it.
+
+ ** If you set sentence-end-double-space to nil, the fill commands
+ expect just one space at the end of a sentence. (If you want the
+ sentence commands to accept single spaces, you must modify the regexp
+ sentence-end also.)
+
+ ** You can suppress the startup echo area message by adding text like
+ this to your .emacs file:
+
+ (setq inhibit-startup-echo-area-message "YOUR-LOGIN-NAME")
+
+ Simply setting inhibit-startup-echo-area-message to your login name is
+ not sufficient to inhibit the message; Emacs explicitly checks whether
+ .emacs contains an expression as shown above. Your login name must
+ appear in the expression as a Lisp string constant.
+
+ This way, you can easily inhibit the message for yourself if you wish,
+ but thoughtless copying of your .emacs file will not inhibit the
+ message for someone else.
+
+ ** Outline minor mode now uses C-c C-o as a prefix instead of just C-c.
+
+ ** In Outline mode, hide-subtree is now C-c C-d. (It was C-c C-h; but
+ that is now a conventional way to ask for help about C-c commands.)
+
+ ** There are two additional commands in Outline mode.
+ M-x hide-sublevels
+ hides all headers except the topmost N levels.
+ M-x hide-other
+ hides everything about the body that point is in
+ plus the headers leading up from there to the top of the tree.
+
+ ** In iso-transl and iso-insert, the sequences for entering A-ring and
+ the AE ligature are now just A and E (plus the initial C-x 8 or Alt).
+ You used to have to enter AA or AE, after the C-x 8 prefix of course.
+ Likewise for lower case a-ring and ae.
+
+ ** iso-transl now defines convenient Alt keys as well as the C-x 8 prefix.
+ Instead of prefixing a sequence with C-x 8, you can add Alt to the
+ first character of the sequence. For example, Alt-" a is now a way
+ to enter an a-umlaut.
+
+ ** CC mode is a greatly improved mode for C and C++.
+ See the following page.
+
+ ** tcl mode is a new major mode. It provides features for
+ editing, indenting and running tcl programs.
+
+ ** Compilation minor mode lets you parse error messages in any buffer,
+ not just a normal compilation output buffer. Type M-x
+ compilation-minor-mode to enable the minor mode; then C-c C-c jumps to
+ the source location for the error at point, as in the `*compilation*'
+ buffer. If you use compilation-minor-mode in an Rlogin buffer, it
+ automatically accesses remote source files by ftp.
+
+ ** Comint and shell mode changes:
+
+ *** Comint modes (including Shell mode, GUD modes, etc.) now bind
+ C-M-l to the command comint-show-output. This command scrolls the
+ buffer to show the last batch of output from the subprogram.
+
+ *** Completion in Comint modes now truly operates on the string before
+ point, rather than the word that point is within.
+
+ *** Comint mode file name completion ignores those files that end with a
+ string in the new variable comint-completion-fignore. This variable's
+ default value is nil.
+
+ *** Shell mode uses the variable shell-completion-fignore to set
+ comint-completion-fignore. The default value is nil, but some
+ people prefer ("~" "#" "%").
+
+ *** The function `comint-watch-for-password-prompt' can be used to
+ suppress echoing when a subprocess asks for a password. To use it,
+ do this:
+
+ (add-hook 'comint-output-filter-functions
+ 'comint-watch-for-password-prompt)
+
+ *** You can use M-x shell-strip-ctrl-m to strip ^M characters from
+ process output.
+
+ *** In Shell mode, TAB now completes environment variables, if possible,
+ and expands directory references.
+
+ *** You can use M-x comint-run to execute any program of your choice in
+ a comint mode. Some programs such as shells, rlogin, and debuggers
+ have their own specialized modes; this command is one way to use
+ comint to run programs for which no such specialized mode exits. (You
+ can also run a shell with M-x shell and run the program of your choice
+ under the shell--but that gives you the specializations of Shell
+ mode.)
+
+ ** When you run GUD (M-x gdb, M-x dbx, and so on), you can use TAB
+ to do file name completion in the minibuffer.
+
+ The "Complete" menu includes an item for directory expansion.
+
+ ** GUD working with future versions of GDB will permit TAB for
+ GDB-style symbol completion. This will work with GDB 4.13.
+
+ ** Rmail no longer gets new mail automatically when you visit an Rmail
+ file specified by name--not even if it is your primary Rmail file. To
+ get new mail, type `g'. This feature is an advantage because you now
+ have a choice of whether to get new mail. (This change actually
+ occurred in an earlier version, but wasn't listed here then, since it
+ made the code do what the documentation already said.)
+
+ ** Rmail now highlights certain fields automatically, when you use X
+ windows. The variable rmail-highlighted-headers controls which
+ fields.
+
+ ** If you set rmail-summary-window-size to an integer, Rmail uses
+ a window that many lines high for the summary buffer.
+
+ ** rmail-input-menu is a new command that visits an Rmail file letting
+ you choose which file with a mouse menu. rmail-output-menu is
+ similar; it outputs the current message, using a mouse menu to choose
+ which Rmail file. These commands use the variables
+ rmail-secondary-file-directory and rmail-secondary-file-regexp.
+
+ ** The mh-e package has been changed substantially.
+ See the file ./MH-E-NEWS for details.
+
+ ** The calendar and diary have new features.
+
+ The menu bar for the calendar contains most of the calendar commands,
+ arranged into logical categories.
+
+ Mouse-2 now performs specific-date-related commands when clicked on a
+ date in the calendar window and common three-month-related commands
+ when clicked elsewhere in the calendar window.
+
+ You can set up colored/shaded highlighting of holidays, diary entry
+ dates, and today's date, by setting calendar-holiday-marker,
+ diary-entry-marker, and calendar-today-marker to a face instead of a
+ character. Using a special face is now the default if you are using a
+ window system.
+
+ ** The appt package for displaying appointment reminders has new
+ features.
+
+ *** The appt alarm window stays for the full duration of
+ appt-display-duration. It no longer disappears when you start typing
+ text.
+
+ *** You can change the way the appointment window is created/deleted by
+ setting the variables appt-disp-window-function and
+ appt-delete-window-function.
+
+ For instance, these variables can be set to functions that display
+ appointments in pop-up frames, which are lowered or iconified after
+ appt-display-duration seconds.
+
+ ** desktop.el can now save a list of buffer-local variables,
+ and saves more global ones.
+
+ ** Pascal mode has been completely rewritten. It now features
+ completing of function names, variables and type definitions around
+ current point (like M-TAB does with lisp-symbols). There's also an
+ outline mode (M-x pascal-outline) that hides the bodies of all
+ functions you're not working with.
+
+ ** Edebug has a number of changes:
+
+ *** Edebug syntax error reporting is improved.
+
+ *** Top-level forms and defining forms other than defun and defmacro may
+ now be debugged with Edebug.
+
+ *** Edebug specifications may now contain body, &define, name, arg or
+ arglist, def-body, and def-form, to support definitions.
+
+ *** edebug-all-defuns is renamed to edebug-all-defs.
+ def-edebug-form-spec is replaced by def-edebug-form whose arguments
+ are unevaluated. The old names are still available for now.
+
+ *** Frequency counts and coverage data may be displayed for functions being
+ debugged.
+
+ *** A global break condition is now checked at every stop point.
+
+ *** The previous condition at a breakpoint may now be edited.
+
+ *** A new "next" mode stops only after expression evaluation.
+
+ *** A new command, top-level-nonstop, does not even stop for unwind-protect,
+ as top-level would.
+
+ \f
+ * Changes in CC mode in Emacs 19.23.
+
+ `cc-mode' provides ANSI C, K&R C, and ARM C++ language editing. It
+ represents the merge of c++-mode.el and c-mode.el. cc-mode provides a
+ new, more flexible indentation engine so that indentation
+ customization is more intuitive. There are two steps to calculating
+ indentation: first, CC mode analyzes the line for syntactic content,
+ then based on this content it applies user defined offsets and adds
+ this offset to the indentation of some previous line.
+
+ The syntactic analysis determines if the line describes a `statement',
+ `substatement', `class-open', `member-init-intro', etc. These are
+ described in detail with C-h v c-offsets-alist. You can change the
+ offsets interactively with C-c C-o (c-set-offsets), or
+ programmatically in your c-mode-common-hook, which is run both by
+ c-mode and c++-mode. You can also set up "styles" in the same way
+ that you could with c-mode.el. The variable c-basic-offset controls
+ the basic offset given to a level of indentation.
+
+ If, for example, you wanted to change this style:
+
+ int foo (int i)
+ {
+ switch (i) {
+ case 1:
+ printf ("its a foo\n");
+ break;
+ default:
+ printf ("don't know what it is\n");
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+
+ into this:
+
+ int foo (int i)
+ {
+ switch (i) {
+ case 1:
+ printf ("its a foo\n");
+ break;
+ default:
+ printf ("don't know what it is\n");
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+
+ you could add the following to your .emacs file:
+
+ (defun my-c-mode-common-hook ()
+ (c-set-offset 'case-label 2)
+ (c-set-offset 'statement-case-intro 2))
+ (add-hook 'c-mode-common-hook 'my-c-mode-common-hook)
+
+ ** New variables:
+
+ c-offsets-alist contains an association list of syntactic symbols and
+ their relative offsets. Do a "C-h v c-offsets-alist" to get a list of
+ all syntactic symbols currently defined, and their meanings. You
+ should not change this variable directly; use the supplied interface
+ commands c-set-offset and c-set-style.
+
+ c-mode-common-hook is run by both c-mode and c++-mode during their
+ common initializations. You should put any customizations that are
+ the same for both C and C++ into this hook.
+
+ The variable c-strict-semantics-p is used mainly for debugging. When
+ non-nil, CC mode signals an error if it returns a syntactic symbol
+ that can't be found in c-offsets-alist.
+
+ If you want CC mode to echo the syntactic analysis for a particular
+ line when you hit the TAB key, set c-echo-semantic-information-p to
+ non-nil.
+
+ c-basic-offset controls the standard amount of offset for a level of
+ indentation. You can set a syntactic symbol's offset to + or - as a
+ short-hand for positive or negative c-basic-offset.
+
+ c-comment-only-line-offset lets you control indentation given to lines
+ which contain only a comment, in the case of C++ line style comments,
+ or the introduction to a C block comment. Comment-only lines at
+ column zero can be anchored there independent of the indentation given
+ to other comment-only lines.
+
+ c-block-comments-indent-p controls the style of C block comment
+ re-indentation. If you put leading stars in front of comment
+ continuation lines, you should set this variable to nil.
+
+ c-cleanup-list is a list describing certain C and C++ constructs to be
+ "cleaned up" as they are typed, but only when the auto-newline feature
+ is turned on. In C++, make sure this variable contains at least
+ 'scope-operator so that double colons will not be separated by a
+ newline.
+
+ Colons (`:') and braces (`{` and `}') are special in C and C++. For
+ certain constructs, you may like them to hang on the right edge of the
+ code, or you may like them to start a new line of code. You can use
+ the two variables c-hanging-braces-alist and c-hanging-colons-alist
+ to control whether newlines are placed before and/or after colons and
+ braces when certain C and C++ constructs are entered. For example,
+ you can control whether the colon that introduces a C++ member
+ initialization list hangs on the right edge, starts a new line, or has
+ no newlines either before or after it.
+
+ c-special-indent-hook is run after a line is indented by CC mode. You
+ can perform any custom indentations here.
+
+ c-delete-function is the function that is called when a single
+ character is deleted with the c-electric-delete command (DEL).
+
+ c-electric-pound-behavior describes what happens when you enter the
+ `#' that introduces a cpp macro.
+
+ If c-tab-always-indent is neither t nor nil, then TAB inserts a tab
+ when within strings, comments, and cpp directives, but it reindents
+ the line unconditionally.
+
+ c-inhibit-startup-warnings-p inhibits warnings about any old
+ version of Emacs you might be running, which could be incompatible
+ with cc-mode.
+
+ ** There are two new minor-mode features in CC mode: auto-newline and
+ hungry-delete. Auto-newline inserts newlines automatically as you
+ type certain constructs. Hungry-delete consumes all preceding
+ whitespace (spaces, tabs, and newlines) when the delete key is hit.
+ You can toggle auto-newline on and off on a per-buffer basis by
+ hitting C-c C-a. You can toggle hungry-delete on and off by hitting
+ C-c C-d. You can toggle them both on and off together with C-c C-t.
+
+ ** Slash (`/') and star (`*') are now both electric characters.
+
+ ** New commands:
+
+ The new C-c C-o (c-set-offset) command can be used to interactively change
+ the offset for a particular syntactic symbol.
+
+ The new command C-c : (c-scope-operator) inserts the C++ scope operator in
+ c++-mode only.
+
+ The new command C-c C-q (c-indent-defun) indents the entire enclosing
+ top-level function or class.
+
+ The new command C-c C-s (c-show-semantic-information) echos the current
+ syntactic analysis without re-indenting the current line.
+
+ The new commands M-x c-forward-into-nomenclature and M-x
+ c-backward-into-nomenclature (currently otherwise unbound to a key
+ sequence), make movement easier when using the C++ variable naming
+ convention of VariableNamesWithoutUnderscoresButEachWordCapitalized.
+
+ ** Command from c-mode.el that have been renamed in cc-mode.el:
+
+ electric-c-brace => c-electric-brace
+ electric-c-semi => c-electric-semi&comma
+ electric-c-sharp-sign => c-electric-pound
+ mark-c-function => c-mark-function
+ electric-c-terminator => c-electric-colon
+ indent-c-exp => c-indent-exp
+ set-c-style => c-set-style
+
+ ** Variables from c-mode.el that are obsolete with cc-mode.el:
+
+ c-indent-level
+ c-brace-imaginary-offset
+ c-brace-offset
+ c-argdecl-indent
+ c-label-offset
+ c-continued-statement-offset
+ c-continued-brace-offset
+
+ \f
+ * Lisp programming changes in Emacs 19.23.
+
+ ** To pop up a dialog box, call x-popup-dialog.
+ It takes two arguments, POSITION and CONTENTS.
+
+ POSITION specifies which frame to place the dialog box over;
+ the dialog box always goes on the center of the frame.
+ POSITION may be a mouse event, a window, a frame,
+ or t meaning use the frame that the mouse is in.
+
+ CONTENTS specifies the contents of the dialog box.
+ It looks like a single pane of a popup menu:
+ (TITLE ITEM1 ITEM2 ...), where each ITEM has the form (STRING . VALUE).
+ The return value is VALUE from the chosen item.
+
+ An ITEM may also be just a string--that makes a nonselectable item.
+ An ITEM may also be nil--that means to put all preceding items
+ on the left of the dialog box and all following items on the right.
+ (By default, approximately half appear on each side.)
+
+ If your Emacs is not using an X toolkit, then it cannot display a
+ real dialog box; so instead it displays a pop-up menu in the center
+ of the frame.
+
+ ** y-or-n-p, yes-or-no-p and map-y-or-n-p now use menus or dialog boxes
+ to ask their question(s) if the command that is running was reached by
+ a mouse event.
+
+ If you want to control which way these functions work, bind the
+ variable last-nonmenu-event around the call. These functions use the
+ keyboard if that variable holds a keyboard event (actually, any
+ non-list); they use the mouse if that variable holds a mouse event
+ (actually, any list).
+
+ ** The mouse-face property is now implemented, both in overlays and as
+ a text property. It specifies a face to use when the mouse is in the
+ range of text for which the property is specified.
+
+ ** When text has a non-nil `intangible' property, you cannot move point
+ within it or right before it. If you try, point actually moves to the
+ end of the intangible text. Note that this means that backward-char
+ is a no-op when there is an intangible character to the left of point.
+
+ ** minibuffer-exit-hook is a new normal hook that is run when you
+ exit the minibuffer.
+
+ ** The variable x-cross-pointer-shape specifies the cursor shape to use
+ when the mouse is over text that has a mouse-face property.
+
+ ** The new variable interpreter-mode-alist specifies major modes to use
+ for shell scripts that specify a command interpreter. Its elements
+ look like (INTERPRETER . MODE); for example, ("perl" . perl-mode) is
+ one element present by default. This feature applies only when the
+ file name doesn't indicate which mode to use.
+
+ ** If you use a minibuffer-only frame, set the variable
+ minibuffer-auto-raise to t, and entering the minibuffer will then
+ raise the minibuffer frame.
+
+ ** If pop-up-frames is t, display-buffer now looks for an existing
+ window in any visible frame, showing the specified buffer, and uses
+ such a window in preference to making a new frame.
+
+ ** In the functions next-window, previous-window, next-frame,
+ previous-frame, get-buffer-window, get-lru-window, get-largest-window
+ and delete-windows-on, if you specify `visible' for the last argument,
+ it means to consider all visible frames.
+
+ ** Mouse events now give the X and Y coordinates in pixels, rather than
+ in characters. You can convert these values to characters by dividing by
+ the values of (frame-char-width) and (frame-char-height).
+
+ ** The new functions mouse-pixel-position and set-mouse-pixel-position
+ read and set the mouse position in units of pixels. The existing
+ functions mouse-position and set-mouse-position continue to work with
+ units of characters.
+
+ ** The new function compute-motion is useful for computing the width
+ of certain text when it is displayed.
+
+ ** The function vertical-motion now takes an option second argument WINDOW
+ which says which window to use for the display calculations.
+
+ vertical-motion always operates on the current buffer.
+ It is ok to specify a window displaying some other buffer.
+ Then vertical-motion uses the width, hscroll and display-table of
+ the specified window, but still scans the current buffer.
+
+ ** An error no longer sets last-command to t; the value of last-command
+ does reflect the previous command (the one that got an error).
+
+ If you do not want a particular command to be recognized as the
+ previous command in the case where it got an error, you must code that
+ command to prevent this. Set this-command to t at the beginning of
+ the command, and set this-command back to its proper value at the end,
+ like this:
+
+ (defun foo (args...)
+ (interactive ...)
+ (setq this-command t)
+ ...do the work...
+ (setq this-command 'foo))
+
+ or like this:
+
+ (defun foo (args...)
+ (interactive ...)
+ (let ((old-this-command this-command))
+ (setq this-command t)
+ ...do the work...
+ (setq this-command old-this-command)))
+
+ The undo and yank commands do this.
+
+ ** If you specify an explicit title for a new frame when you create it,
+ the title is used as the resource name when looking up X resources to
+ control the shape of that frame. If you don't specify the frame title,
+ the value of x-resource-name is used, as before.
+
+ ** The frame parameter user-position, if non-nil, says that the user
+ has specified the frame position. Emacs reports this to the window
+ manager, to tell it not to override the position that the user
+ specified.
+
+ ** Major modes can now set change-major-mode-hook to arrange for state
+ to be cleaned up when the user switches to a new major mode. The function
+ kill-all-local-variables runs this hook. For best results, make the hook a
+ buffer-local variable so that it will disappear after doing its job and will
+ not interfere with the subsequent major mode.
+
+ ** The new variable overriding-local-map, if non-nil, specifies a keymap
+ that overrides the current local map, all minor mode keymaps, and all
+ text property keymaps. Incremental search uses this feature to override
+ all other keymaps temporarily.
+
+ ** A key definition in a menu keymap can now have additional structure:
+ in addition to (ITEMNAME [HELPSTRING] . COMMAND) which was allowed
+ before, the form (ITEMNAME [HELPSTRING] (...) . COMMAND) is
+ allowed. (HELPSTRING is optional, and is not currently used.)
+
+ Here (...) represents a sublist containing information about keyboard
+ key sequences that run the same command COMMAND. Displaying the menu
+ automatically creates and updates the sublist when appropriate; you
+ need never set these up yourself.
+
+ lookup-key, key-binding, and similar functions return just COMMAND,
+ not the whole binding.
+
+ To precompute this information for a given keymap, you can do
+ (x-popup-menu nil KEYMAP).
+
+ ** When you specify coordinates for x-popup-menu as a list ((XOFFSET
+ YOFFSET) WINDOW), the coordinates are now measured in pixels.
+
+ ** where-is-internal now takes just four arguments:
+ DEFINITION KEYMAP FIRSTONLY NOINDIRECT.
+ The single argument KEYMAP replaces two arguments KEYMAP and KEYMAP1.
+
+ If KEYMAP is non-nil, where-is-internal searches only KEYMAP and the
+ global keymap.
+
+ If KEYMAP is nil, where-is-internal searches all the currently active
+ keymaps, but finds the active keymaps as if overriding-local-map were
+ nil.
+
+ If you pass a list of the form (keymap) as KEYMAP, where-is-internal
+ searches only the global map. (This is not a special case--it follows
+ from the specifications above.)
+
+ If you pass the value of overriding-local-map as KEYMAP, where-is-internal
+ searches in exactly the same was as command execution does.
+
+ ** Use the macro define-derived-mode to define a new major mode that
+ inherits the definition of another major mode. Here's how to define a
+ command named hypertext-mode that inherits from the command text-mode:
+
+ (define-derived-mode hypertext-mode text-mode "Hypertext"
+ "Major mode for hypertext.\n\n\\{hypertext-mode-map}"
+ (setq case-fold-search nil))
+
+ (define-key hypertext-mode-map [down-mouse-3] 'do-hyper-link)
+
+ The new mode has its own keymap, which inherits from that of the
+ original mode. It also has its own syntax and abbrev tables, which
+ are initialized by copying those of the original mode. It also has
+ its own mode hook. All are given names made by appending a suffix
+ to the name of the new mode.
+
+ ** A syntax table can now inherit the data for some characters from
+ standard-syntax-table, while specifying other characters itself.
+ Syntax code 13 means "inherit this character from the standard syntax
+ table." In modify-syntax-entry, the character `@' represents this code.
+
+ The function `make-syntax-table' now creates a syntax table which
+ inherits all letters and control characters (0 to 31 and 128 to 255)
+ from the standard syntax table, while copying the other characters
+ from the standard syntax table. Most syntax tables in Emacs are set
+ up this way.
+
+ This sort of inheritance is useful for people who set up character
+ sets with additional alphabetic characters in the range 128 to 255.
+ Just changing the standard syntax for these characters affects all
+ major modes.
+
+ ** The new function transpose-regions swaps two regions of the buffer.
+ It preserves the markers in those two regions, so that they stay with
+ the surrounding text as it is swapped.
+
+ ** revert-buffer now runs before-revert-hook at the beginning and
+ after-revert-hook at the end. These can be used by minor modes
+ that need to clean up state variables.
+
+ ** The new function get-char-property is like get-text-property, but
+ checks for overlays with properties as well as for text properties.
+ It checks for overlays first, in order of descending priority, and
+ text properties last.
+
+ get-char-property allows windows as the OBJECT argument, as well
+ as buffers and strings. If you specify a window, then only overlays
+ active on that window are considered.
+
+ ** Overlays can have the `invisible' property.
+
+ ** The function insert-file-contents now takes an optional fifth
+ argument called REPLACE. If this is t, it means to replace the
+ contents of the buffer (actually, just the accessible portion)
+ with the contents of the file.
+
+ This is better than simply deleting and inserting the whole thing
+ because (1) it preserves some marker positions and (2) it puts less
+ data in the undo list.
+
+ ** The variable inhibit-first-line-modes-regexps specifies classes of
+ file names for which -*- on the first line should not be looked for.
+
+ ** The variables before-change-functions and after-change-functions
+ hold lists of functions to call before and after a change in the
+ buffer's text. They work much like before-change-function and
+ after-change-function, except that they hold a list of functions
+ instead of just one.
+
+ These variables will eventually make before-change-function and
+ after-change-function obsolete.
+
+ ** The variable kill-buffer-query-functions holds a list of functions
+ to be called with no arguments when a buffer is about to be killed.
+ (That buffer is the current buffer when the function is called.)
+ If any of the functions returns nil, the buffer is not killed
+ (and the remaining functions in the list are not called).
+
+ ** The variable kill-emacs-query-functions holds a list of functions
+ to be called with no arguments when you ask to exit Emacs.
+ If any of the functions returns nil, the exit is canceled
+ (and the remaining functions in the list are not called).
+
+ ** The argument for buffer-disable-undo is now optional,
+ like the argument for buffer-enable-undo.
+
+ ** The new variable system-configuration holds the canonical three-part
+ GNU configuration name for which Emacs was built.
+
+ ** The function system-name now tries harder to return a fully qualified
+ domain name.
+
+ ** The variable emacs-major-version holds the major version number
+ of Emacs. (Currently 19.)
+
+ ** The variable emacs-minor-version holds the minor version number
+ of Emacs. (Currently 23.)
+
+ ** The default value of comint-input-autoexpand is now nil.
+ However, Shell mode sets it from the value of shell-input-autoexpand,
+ whose default value is `history'.
+
+ ** The new function set-process-window-size specifies the terminal window
+ size for a subprocess. On some systems it sends the subprocess a signal
+ to let it know that the size has changed.
+
+ ** %P is a new way to display a percentage in the mode line. It
+ displays the percentage of the buffer text that is above the *bottom*
+ of the window (which includes the text visible, in the window as well
+ as the text above the top). It displays `Top' as well as the
+ percentage if the top of the buffer is visible on screen.
+
+ ** %+ in the mode line specs displays `*' if the buffer is modified,
+ and otherwise `-'. It never displays `%', as `%*' would do; whether the
+ buffer is read-only has no effect on %+.
+
+ ** The new functions ffloor, fceiling, fround and ftruncate take a
+ floating point argument and return a floating point result whose value
+ is a nearby integer. ffloor returns the nearest integer below; fceiling,
+ the nearest integer above; ftruncate, the nearest integer in the
+ direction towards zero; fround, the nearest integer.
+
+ ** Setting `print-escape-newlines' to a non-nil value now also makes
+ formfeeds print as ``\f''.
+
+ ** auto-mode-alist now has a new feature. If an element has the form
+ (REGEXP FUNCTION t), and REGEXP matches the file name, then after calling
+ FUNCTION, Emacs deletes the part of the file name that matched REGEXP
+ and then searches auto-mode-alist again for a new match.
+
+ This is useful for uncompression packages. An entry of this sort for
+ .gz can uncompress the file and then put the uncompressed file in the
+ proper mode according to the name sans .gz.
+
+ ** The new function emacs-pid returns the process ID number of Emacs.
+
+ ** user-login-name now consistently checks the LOGNAME environment
+ variable before USER. user-original-login-name is obsolete, since it
+ provides the same functionality. To ignore the environment variables,
+ use user-real-login-name.
+
+ ** There is a more general way of handling the system-specific X
+ keysyms. Set the variable system-key-alist to an alist containing
+ elements of the form (CODE . SYMBOL), where CODE is the numeric keysym
+ code minus the "vendor specific" bit, and symbol is the name for the
+ function key.
+
+ ** You can use the variable command-line-functions to set up functions
+ to process unrecognized command line arguments. The variable's value
+ should be a list of functions of no arguments. The functions are
+ called successively until one of them returns non-nil.
+
+ Each function should access the free variables argi (the current
+ argument) and command-line-args-left (the remaining arguments). The
+ function should return non-nil only if it recognizes and processes the
+ argument in argi. If it does so, it may consume following arguments
+ as well by removing them from command-line-args-left.
+
+ ** There's a new way for a magic file name handler to run a primitive
+ and inhibit handling of the file name. Here is how to do it:
+
+ (let ((inhibit-file-name-handlers
+ (cons 'ange-ftp-file-handler
+ (and (eq inhibit-file-name-operation operation)
+ inhibit-file-name-handlers)))
+ (inhibit-file-name-operation operation))
+ (apply this-operation args))
+
+ The function find-file-name-handler now takes two arguments. The
+ second argument is OPERATION, the operation for which the handler is
+ being sought.
+
+ People have suggested that the second argument should be optional, for
+ backward compatibility. It would be nice if that were possible, but
+ it is not. There is simply no way for find-file-name-handler to do
+ the right thing without receiving the proper value for its second
+ argument.
+
+ ** The variable completion-regexp-list affects the completion
+ primitives try-completion and all-completions. They consider
+ only the possible completions that match each regexp in the list.
+
+ ** Case conversion in the function replace-match has been changed.
+
+ The old behavior was this: if any word in the old text was
+ capitalized, replace-match capitalized each word of the replacement
+ text.
+
+ The new behavior is this: if the first word in the old text is capitalized,
+ replace-match capitalizes the first word of the replacement text.
+
+ ** You can now specify a case table with CANON non-nil and EQV nil.
+ Then the EQV part of the case table is deduced from CANON.
+
+ ** The new function minibuffer-prompt takes no arguments and returns
+ the current minibuffer prompt string.
+
+ The new function minibuffer-prompt-width takes no arguments and
+ returns the display width of the minibuffer prompt string.
+
+ ** The new function frame-first-window returns the window at the
+ upper left corner of a given frame.
+
+ ** wholenump is a new alias for natnump.
+
+ ** The variable installation-directory, if non-@code{nil}, names a
+ directory within which to look for the `lib-src' and `etc'
+ subdirectories. This is non-nil when Emacs can't find those
+ directories in their standard installed locations, but can find them
+ near where the Emacs executable was found.
+
+ ** invocation-name and invocation-directory are now variables as well
+ as functions. The variable values are the same values that the
+ functions return: the Emacs program name sans directories, and the
+ directory it was found in. (invocation-directory may be nil, if Emacs
+ can't determine which directory it should be.)
+
+ ** Installation change regarding version number counting.
+
+ The version number of an Emacs executable contains three numbers.
+ The first two describe the Emacs release and the third increments
+ each time you build Emacs.
+
+ Now the file version.el contains only the first two version numbers.
+ The third component is now determined on the basis of the names of the
+ existing executable files. This means that version.el is not altered
+ by building Emacs.
+
+
+ \f
+ * Changes in 19.22.
+
+ ** The mouse click M-mouse-2 now inserts the current secondary
+ selection (from Emacs or any other X client) where you click.
+ It does not move point.
+ This command is called mouse-yank-secondary.
+
+ mouse-kill-secondary no longer has a key binding by default.
+ Clicking M-mouse-3 (mouse-secondary-save-then-kill) twice
+ may be a convenient enough way of killing the secondary selection.
+ Or perhaps there should be a keyboard binding for killing the
+ secondary selection. Any suggestions?
+
+ ** New packages:
+
+ *** `icomplete' provides character-by-character information
+ about what you could complete if you type TAB.
+
+ *** `avoid' moves the mouse away from point so that it doesn't hide
+ your typing.
+
+ *** `shadowfile' helps you update files that are supposed to be stored
+ identically in different places (perhaps on different machines).
+
+ ** C-h p now knows about four additional keywords: data, faces, mouse,
+ and matching.
+
+ ** The key for starting an inferior Lisp process, in Lisp mode,
+ is now C-c C-z instead of C-c C-l.
+
+ ** When the VC commands ask whether to save the buffer, if you say no,
+ they signal an error. This is so that you won't operate on the wrong
+ data.
+
+ ** ISO Accents mode now supports `"s' as a way of typing German sharp s.
+
+ ** By default, comint buffers (including Shell mode and debuggers)
+ no longer try to scroll to keep the cursor on the bottom line.
+ This feature was added in 19.21 but did not work smoothly enough.
+
+ ** Emacs now handles the window manager "delete window" operation.
+
+ ** Display of buffers with text properties is much faster now.
+
+ ** The feature previously announced whereby `insert' does not inherit
+ text properties from surrounding text was not fully implemented
+ before; but now it is. use `insert-and-inherit' if you wish to
+ inherit sticky properties from the surrounding text.
+
+ ** The functions next-property-change, previous-property-change,
+ next-single-property-change, and previous-single-property-change
+ now take one additional optional argument LIMIT that is a position at
+ which to stop scanning. If scan ends without finding the property
+ change sought, these functions return the specified limit.
+
+ The value returned by previous-single-property-change and
+ previous-property-change, when they do find a change, is now one
+ greater than what it used to be. It is the position between the two
+ characters whose properties differ, which is one greater than the
+ position of the first character found (while scanning back) with
+ different properties.
+
+
+ \f
+ * User editing changes in version 19.21.
+
+ ** ISO Accents mode supports four additional characters:
+ A-with-ring (entered as /A), AE ligature (entered as /E),
+ and their lower-case equivalents.
+
+
+ \f
+ * User editing changes in version 19.20.
+ (See following page for Lisp programming changes.)
+
+ Note that some of these changes were made subsequent to the Emacs 19.20
+ editions of the Emacs manual and Emacs Lisp manual; therefore, if you
+ have those editions, do read this page.
+
+ ** Dragging with mouse button 1 now puts the selected region
+ in the kill ring so you can paste it into other X applications.
+
+ ** Double and triple clicks with button 1 now behave as in xterm,
+ selecting the word or line surrounding where you click. If you drag
+ after the last click, you can select a range of words or lines.
+
+ ** You can use button 3 to extend a mouse-selected region, as in xterm.
+ This works for regions selected either by dragging Mouse-1 or by
+ multiple-clicking Mouse-1. Clicking Mouse-3 moves the end of the
+ region that is (initially) nearer to where you click.
+
+ If the selection was first made by multiple-clicking Mouse-1, and thus
+ consists of entire words or lines, Mouse-3 preserves that state.
+
+ As before, clicking Mouse-3 again in the same place kills the region
+ thus selected.
+
+ ** The secondary selection commands, M-Mouse-1 and M-Mouse-3, have been
+ likewise modified.
+
+ ** You can now search for strings and regexps using the Edit menu bar menu.
+
+ ** You can now access bookmarks using the Bookmark submenu in the File
+ menu in the menu bar.
+
+ ** ISO Accents mode, a buffer-local minor mode, provides a convenient
+ way to type certain non-ASCII characters. It makes the characters `,
+ ', ", ^, ~ and / serve as modifiers for the following letter. ` and '
+ add accents, " adds an umlaut or dieresis, ^ adds a circumflex, ~
+ adds a tilde, and / adds a slash to the following letter.
+
+ If the following character is not a letter, or cannot be modified as
+ requested, then both characters stand for themselves. If you
+ duplicate the modifier accent character, that enters the corresponding
+ ISO non-spacing accent character (thus, '' enters the ISO acute-accent
+ character). To enter a modifier character itself, type it followed by
+ a space.
+
+ This feature can be used whenever a key sequence is expected: for
+ ordinary insertion, for searching, and for certain command arguments.
+
+ A few special combinations:
+
+ ~c => c with cedilla
+ ~d => d with stroke
+ ~< => left guillemot
+ ~> => right guillemot
+
+ ** iso-transl.el is a new library that replaces iso-insert.el.
+ It defines C-x 8 as an insertion prefix for the ISO characters
+ between 128 and 255, much like iso-insert, except that iso-transl
+ works even in searches and help commands--wherever a key sequence
+ is expected.
+
+ To define case-conversion for these characters for ISO 8859/1,
+ load the library iso-syntax. (This is not new.)
+
+ ** M-TAB in Text mode now runs the command ispell-complete-word
+ which performs completion using the spelling dictionary.
+
+ The spelling correction submenu now includes this command
+ and another command which completes a word fragment (that is,
+ it doesn't assume that the text to be completed starts at the
+ beginning of a word.
+
+ ** In incremental search, you can use M-y to yank the most recent kill
+ into the search string.
+
+ ** The new function ispell-message checks the spelling of a message
+ you are about to send or post. It ignores text cited from other
+ messages.
+
+ To automatically check all your outgoing messages, include the
+ following line in your .emacs file:
+ (setq news-inews-hook (setq mail-send-hook 'ispell-message))
+
+ ** There is now a separate minibuffer history list for the names of
+ extended commands. This history list is used by M-x when reading
+ the command name. The motivation for this is to prevent command
+ names from appearing in the history used for other minibuffer
+ arguments.
+
+ Note that the history list for entire commands that use the minibuffer
+ is a separate feature. That history list records a command with all
+ its arguments, and you must use C-x ESC ESC to access it.
+
+ ** You can use the new command C-x v ~ VERSION RET to examine a
+ specified version of a file that is maintained with version control.
+
+ ** In Indented Text mode, only blank lines now separate paragraphs.
+ Indented lines continue the paragraph that is in progress. This makes
+ the user option variable adaptive-fill-mode have its intended effect.
+
+ ** Local variable specifications in files for variables whose names end
+ in `-hook' and `-function' are now controlled by the variable
+ `enable-local-eval', just like the `eval' variable.
+
+ ** C-x r j (jump-to-register) when restoring a frame configuration now
+ makes all unwanted frames (existing frames not mentioned in the
+ configuration) invisible.
+
+ If you want to delete these unwanted frames, use a prefix argument for
+ C-x r j.
+
+ ** You can customize the calendar to display weeks beginning on
+ Monday: set the variable `calendar-week-start-day' to 1.
+
+ ** Rmail changes.
+
+ If you save messages to a file in Unix format while viewing a message
+ with its whole header, this now copies to the file the entire header
+ of each message copied.
+
+ ** Comint mode changes.
+
+ C-c C-e shows as much output as possible in the window.
+ C-c RET copies an old input (the one at point)
+ and places the copy after the latest prompt.
+ C-c C-p and C-c C-n move through the buffer, stopping at places
+ where the subshell prompted for input.
+ C-c C-h lists the input history in a `*Help*' buffer.
+
+ There are new menu bar items for completion/input/output/signal commands.
+
+ Input behavior is configurable. Variables control whether some windows
+ showing the buffer scroll to the bottom before insertion. These are
+ `comint-scroll-to-bottom-on-input' and `before-change-function'. By default,
+ insertion causes the selected window to scroll to the bottom before insertion
+ occurs.
+
+ Subprocess output now keeps point at the end of the buffer in each
+ window individually if point was already at the end of the buffer in
+ that window.
+
+ If `comint-scroll-show-maximum-output' is non-nil (which is the
+ default), then scrolling due to arrival of output tries to place the
+ last line of text at the bottom line of the window, so as to show as
+ much useful text as possible. (This mimics the scrolling behavior of
+ many terminals.)
+
+ By setting `comint-scroll-to-bottom-on-output', you can opt for having
+ point jump to the end of the buffer whenever output arrives--no matter
+ where in the buffer point was before. If the value is `this', point
+ jumps in the selected window. If the value is `all', point jumps in
+ each window that shows the comint buffer. If the value is `other',
+ point jumps in all nonselected windows that show the current buffer.
+ The default value is nil, which means point does not jump to the end.
+
+ Input history insertion is configurable. A variable controls whether only the
+ first instance of successive identical inputs is stored in the input history.
+ This is `comint-input-ignoredups'.
+
+ Completion (bound to TAB) is now more general. Depending on context,
+ completion now operates on the input history, on command names, or (as
+ before) on filenames.
+
+ Filename completion is configurable. Variables control whether
+ file/directory suffix characters are added (`comint-completion-addsuffix'),
+ whether shortest completion is acceptable when no further unambiguous
+ completion is possible (`comint-completion-recexact'), and the timing of
+ completion candidate listing (`comint-completion-autolist').
+
+ Comint mode now provides history expansion. Insert input using `!'
+ and `^', in the same syntax that typical shells use; then type TAB.
+ This searches the comint input history for a matching element,
+ performs substitution if necessary, and places the result in the
+ comint buffer in place of the original input.
+
+ History references in the input may be expanded before insertion into
+ the input ring, or on input to the interpreter (and therefore
+ visibly). The variable `comint-input-autoexpand' specifies which.
+
+ You can make the SPC key perform history expansion by binding
+ SPC to the command `comint-magic-space'.
+
+ The command `comint-dynamic-complete-variable' does variable name
+ completion using the environment variables as set within Emacs. The
+ variables controlling filename completion apply to variable name
+ completion too. This command is normally available through the menu
+ bar.
+
+ ** Shell mode
+
+ Paragraph motion and marking commands (default bindings M-{, M-}, M-h) operate
+ on output groups (i.e., shell prompt plus associated shell output).
+
+ TAB now completes commands, as well as file names and expand history.
+ Commands are searched for along the path that Emacs has on startup.
+
+ C-c C-f now moves forward a command (`shell-forward-command') and
+ C-c C-b now moves backward a command (`shell-backward-command').
+
+ Command completion is configurable. The variables controlling
+ filename completion in comint mode apply, together with a variable
+ controlling whether to restrict possible completions to only files
+ that are executable (`shell-command-execonly').
+
+ The input history is initialised from the file name given in the
+ variable `shell-input-ring-file-name'--normally `.history' in your
+ home directory.
+
+ Directory tracking is more robust. It can cope with command sequences
+ and forked commands, and can detect the failure of directory changing
+ commands in most circumstances. It's still not infallible, of course.
+
+ You can now configure the behavior of `pushd'. Variables control
+ whether `pushd' behaves like `cd' if no argument is given
+ (`shell-pushd-tohome'), pop rather than rotate with a numeric argument
+ (`shell-pushd-dextract'), and only add directories to the directory
+ stack if they are not already on it (`shell-pushd-dunique'). The
+ configuration you choose should match the underlying shell, of course.
+
+ \f
+ * Emacs Lisp programming changes in Emacs 19.20.
+
+ ** A new function `remove-hook' is now used to remove a hook that you might
+ have added with `add-hook'.
+
+ ** There is now a Lisp pretty-printer in the library `pp'.
+
+ ** The partial Common Lisp support has been entirely reimplemented.
+
+ ** When you insert text using `insert', `insert-before-markers' or
+ `insert-buffer-substring', text properties are no longer inherited
+ from the surrounding text.
+
+ When you want to inherit text properties, use the new functions
+ `insert-and-inherit' or `insert-before-markers-and-inherit'.
+
+ The self-inserting character command does do inheritance.
+
+ ** Frame creation hooks.
+
+ The function make-frame now runs the normal hooks
+ before-make-frame-hook and after-make-frame-hook.
+
+ ** You can now use function-key-map to make a key an alias for other
+ key sequences that can vary depending on circumstances. To do this,
+ give the key a definition in function-key-map which is a function
+ rather than a specific expansion key sequence.
+
+ If the function reads input itself, it can have the effect of altering
+ the event that follows. For example, here's how to define C-c h to
+ turn the character that follows into a hyper character:
+
+ (define-key function-key-map "\C-ch" 'hyperify)
+
+ (defun hyperify (prompt)
+ (let ((e (read-event)))
+ (vector (if (numberp e)
+ (logior (lsh 1 20) e)
+ (if (memq 'hyper (event-modifiers e))
+ e
+ (add-event-modifier "H-" e))))))
+
+ (defun add-event-modifier (string e)
+ (let ((symbol (if (symbolp e) e (car e))))
+ (setq symbol (intern (concat string (symbol-name symbol))))
+ (if (symbolp e)
+ symbol
+ (cons symbol (cdr e)))))
+
+ The character translation function gets one argument, which is the
+ prompt that was specified in read-key-sequence--or nil if the key
+ sequence is being read by the editor command loop. In most cases
+ you can just ignore the prompt value.
+
+ ** Changes for reading and writing text properties.
+
+ New low-level Lisp features make it possible to write Lisp programs to
+ save text properties in files, and read text properties from files.
+ You can program any file format you like.
+
+ The variable `write-region-annotation-functions' should contain a list
+ of functions to be run by `write-region' to encode text properties in
+ some fashion as annotations to the text that is written.
+
+ Each function in the list is called with two arguments: the start and
+ end of the region to be written. These functions should not alter the
+ contents of the buffer. Instead, they should return lists indicating
+ annotations to write in the file in addition to the text in the
+ buffer.
+
+ Each function should return a list of elements of the form (POSITION
+ . STRING), where POSITION is an integer specifying the relative
+ position in the text to be written, and STRING is the annotation to
+ add there.
+
+ Each list returned by one of these functions must be already sorted in
+ increasing order by POSITION. If there is more than one function,
+ `write-region' merges the lists destructively into one sorted list.
+
+ When `write-region' actually writes the text from the buffer to the
+ file, it intermixes the specified annotations at the corresponding
+ positions. All this takes place without modifying the buffer.
+
+ The variable `after-insert-file-functions' should contain a list of
+ functions to be run each time a file's contents have been inserted into
+ a buffer. Each function receives one argument, the length of the
+ inserted text; point indicates the start of that text. The function
+ should make whatever changes it wants to make, then return the updated
+ length of the inserted text, as it stands after those changes. The
+ value returned by one function is used as the argument to the next.
+ These functions should always return with point at the beginning of
+ the inserted text.
+
+ The intended use of `after-insert-file-functions' is for converting
+ some sort of textual annotations into actual text properties. But many
+ other uses may be possible.
+
+ We now invite users to begin implementing Lisp programs to store and
+ retrieve text properties in files, using these new primitive features,
+ and thus to experiment with various data formats and find good ones.
+
+ We suggest not trying to handle arbitrary Lisp objects as property
+ names or property values--because a program that general is probably
+ difficult to write, and slow. Instead, choose a set of possible data
+ types that are reasonably flexible, and not too hard to encode.
+
+ ** Comint completion.
+
+ Currently comint-dynamic-complete-command (and associated variable
+ comint-after-partial-pathname-command) are set by default to complete a
+ filename. Other comint-mode users should have their own functions to achieve
+ this. For example, gud-mode could complete debugger commands. A completion
+ function is provided solely for this reason (comint-dynamic-simple-complete).
+
+ Other comint-mode users should bind comint-dynamic-complete (shell-mode does
+ already).
+
+ ** Comint history reference expansion
+
+ Currently comint-input-autoexpand is 'history, which means only expand
+ history on insertion to comint-input-ring. For non-shell modes, this is
+ a strange default, since non-shells will not understand history references.
+ Perhaps it would be better for the variable to be 'input, which means expand
+ on RET.
+
+ The value 'history might possibly be wrong even for shells, since the
+ expansion will be done both by comint and the underlying shell (except sh, of
+ course). It would be better for expansion to be done by one or the other,
+ not both since they may (ahem) disagree. Since it is silly to put a literal
+ history reference into comint-input-ring, perhaps it would be better for the
+ variable to be 'input too.
+
+ The reason the variable is not 'input by default is that I was attempting to
+ adhere to The Principle of Least Astonishment. I didn't want to shock users
+ by having their input change in front of their eyes.
+
+ ** Argument delimiters and Comint mode.
+
+ Currently comint-delimiter-argument-list is '(), which means no strings are
+ to be treated as delimiters and arguments. In shell-mode, this variable is
+ set to shell-delimiter-argument-list, '("|" "&" "<" ">" "(" ")" ";"). Other
+ comint-mode users should set this variable too. For example, a lisp-type
+ mode might want to set this to '("." "(" ")") or some such.
+
+ ** Comint output hook.
+
+ There is now a hook, comint-output-filter-hook, that is run-hooks'ed by the
+ output filter, comint-output-filter. This is useful for scrolling (see
+ below), but also things like processing output for specific text, output
+ highlighting, etc.
+
+ So that such output processing may be done efficiently, there is a new
+ variable, comint-last-output-start, that records the position of the start of
+ the lastest output inserted into the buffer (effectively the previous value
+ of process-mark). Output processing functions should process the text
+ between comint-last-output-start (or perhaps the beginning of the line that
+ the position lies on) and process-mark.
+
+ ** Comint scrolling.
+
+ There is now automatic scrolling of process windows.
+
+ Currently comint-scroll-show-maximum-output is t, which means when scrolling
+ output put process-mark at the bottom of the window. There is a good case
+ for it to be t, since the user is likely to want to see as much output as
+ possible. But, then again, there is a comint-show-maximum-output command.
+
+ ** Comint history retrieval.
+
+ The input following point is not deleted when moving around the input history
+ (with M-p etc.). Emacs maintainers may not like this. However, I feel this
+ is a useful feature. The simple remedy is to put end-of-line in before
+ delete-region in comint-previous-matching-input.
+
+ The input history retrieval commands still wrap-around the input ring, unlike
+ Emacs command history.
+
+
+ \f
+ * Changes in version 19.19.
+
+ ** The new package bookmark.el records named bookmarks: positions that
+ you can jump to. Bookmarks are saved automatically between Emacs
+ sessions.
+
+ ** Another simpler package saveplace.el records your position in each
+ file when you kill its buffer (or kill Emacs), and jumps to the same
+ position when you visit the file again (even in another Emacs
+ session). Use `toggle-save-place' to turn on place-saving in a given file;
+ use (setq-default save-place t) to turn it on for all files.
+
+ ** In Outline mode, you can now customize how to compute the level of a
+ heading line. Set `outline-level' to a function of no arguments which
+ returns the level, assuming point is at the beginning of a heading
+ line.
+
+ ** You can now specify the prefix key to use for Outline minor mode.
+ (The default is C-c.) Set the variable outline-minor-mode-prefix to
+ the key sequence you want to use (as a string or vector).
+
+ ** In Bibtex mode, C-c e has been changed to C-c C-b. This is because
+ C-c followed by a letter is reserved for users.
+
+ ** The `mod' function is no longer an alias for `%', but is a separate function
+ that yields a result with the same sign as the divisor. `floor' now takes an
+ optional second argument, which divides the first argument before the floor is
+ taken.
+
+ ** `%' no longer allows floating point arguments, since the results were often
+ inconsistent with integer `%'.
+
+
+ \f
+ * Changes in version 19.18.
+
+ ** Typing C-z in an iconified Emacs frame now deiconifies it.
+
+ ** hilit19 is a new library for automatic highlighting of parts of the
+ text in the buffer, based on its meaning and context.
+
+ ** Killing no longer sends the killed text to the X clipboard.
+ And large strings are not put in the cut buffer either.
+ The variable x-cut-buffer-max specifies the maximum number of characters
+ to put in the cut buffer.
+
+ ** The new command C-x 5 o (other-frame) selects different frames,
+ successively, in cyclic order. It does for frames what C-x o
+ does for windows.
+
+ ** The command M-ESC (eval-expression) has its own command history.
+
+ ** The commands M-! and M-| for running shell commands have their own
+ command history.
+
+ ** If the directory containing the Emacs executable has a sibling named
+ `lisp', that `lisp' directory is added to the end of `load-path'
+ (provided you don't override the normal value with the EMACSLOADPATH
+ environment variable). This feature may make it easier to move
+ an installed Emacs from place to place.
+
+ ** M-x validate-tex-buffer now records the locations of mismatches
+ found in the `*Occur*' buffer. You can go to that buffer and type C-c
+ C-c to visit a particular mismatch.
+
+ ** There are new commands in Shell mode.
+
+ C-c C-n and C-c C-p move point to the next or previous shell input line.
+
+ C-c C-d is now another way to send an end-of-file to the subshell.
+
+ ** Changes to calendar/diary.
+
+ Time zone data is now determined automatically, including the
+ start/stop days and times of daylight savings time. The code now
+ works correctly almost anywhere in the world.
+
+ The format of the holiday specifications has changed and IS NO LONGER
+ COMPATIBLE with the old (version 18) format. See the documentation of
+ the variable calendar-holidays for details of the new, improved
+ format.
+
+ The hook `diary-display-hook' has been split into two:
+ diary-display-hook which should be used ONLY for the display and
+ `diary-hook' which should be used for appointment notification. If
+ diary-display-hook is nil (the default), simple-diary-display is
+ used. This allows the diary hooks to be correctly set with add-hook.
+
+ The forms used for dates in diary entries and general display are no
+ longer autoloaded, but set at load time; this means they will be set
+ correctly based on values you assign to various variables.
+
+ ** The functions x-rebind-key and x-rebind-keys have been deleted,
+ because you can accomplish the same job by binding keys to keyboard
+ macros.
+
+ ** Emacs now distinguishes double and triple drag events and double and
+ triple button-down events. These work analogously to double and
+ triple click events.
+
+ Double drag events, if not defined, convert to ordinary click events.
+ Double down events, if not defined, convert first to ordinary down
+ events, which are then discarded if not defined. Triple events that
+ are not defined convert to the corresponding double event; if that is
+ also not defined, it may convert further.
+
+ ** The new function event-click-count returns the number of clicks,
+ from an event which is a list. It is 1 for an ordinary click, drag,
+ or button-down event, 2 for a double event, and 3 or more for a triple
+ event.
+
+ ** The new function previous-frame is like next-frame, but moves
+ around through the set of existing frames in the opposite order.
+
+ ** The post-command-hook now runs even after commands that get an error
+ and return to top level. As a consequence of the same change, this
+ hook also runs before Emacs reads the first command. That might sound
+ paradoxical, as if this hook were the same as the pre-command-hook.
+ Actually, they are not similar; the latter runs before *execution* of
+ a command, but after it has been read.
+
+ ** You can turn off the text property hooks that run when point moves
+ to certain places in the buffer, by binding inhibit-point-motion-hooks
+ to a non-nil value.
+
+ ** Inserting a string with no text properties into the buffer normally
+ inherits the properties of the preceding character. You can now
+ control this inheritance by setting the front-sticky and
+ rear-nonsticky properties of a character.
+
+ If you make a character's front-sticky property t, then insertion
+ before the character inherits its properties. If you make the
+ rear-nonsticky property t, then insertion after the character does not
+ inherit its properties. You can regard characters as normally being
+ rear-sticky and not front-sticky, and this is why insertion normally
+ inherits from the previous character.
+
+ If neither side of an insertion is suitably sticky, then the inserted
+ text gets no properties. If both sides are sticky, then the inserted
+ text gets the properties of both sides, with the previous character's
+ properties taking precedence when both sides have a property in
+ common.
+
+ You can also specify stickiness for individual properties. To do so,
+ use a list of property names as the value of the front-sticky property
+ or the rear-nonsticky property. For example, if a character has a
+ rear-nonsticky property whose value is (face read-only), then
+ insertion after the character will not inherit its face property or
+ read-only property (if any), but will inherit any other properties.
+
+ The merging of properties when both sides of the insertion are sticky
+ takes place one property at a time. If the preceding character is
+ rear-sticky for the property, and the property is non-nil, it
+ dominates. Otherwise, the following character's property value is
+ used if it is front-sticky for that property.
+
+ ** If you give a character a non-nil `invisible' text property, the
+ character does not appear on the screen. This works much like
+ selective display.
+
+ The details of this feature are likely to change in future Emacs
+ versions.
+
+ ** In Info, when you go to a node, it runs the normal hook
+ Info-selection-hook.
+
+ ** You can use the new function `invocation-directory' to get the name
+ of the directory containing the Emacs executable that was run.
+
+ ** Entry to the minibuffer runs the normal hook minibuffer-setup-hook.
+
+ ** The new function minibuffer-window-active-p takes one argument, a
+ minibuffer window, and returns t if the window is currently active.
+
+
+ \f
+ * Changes in version 19.17.
+
+ ** When Emacs displays a list of completions in a buffer,
+ you can select a completion by clicking mouse button 2
+ on that completion.
+
+ ** Use the command `list-faces-display' to display a list of
+ all the currently defined faces, showing what they look like.
+
+ ** Menu bar items from local maps now come after the usual items.
+
+ ** The Help menu bar item always comes last in the menu bar.
+
+ ** If you enable Font-Lock mode on a buffer containing a program
+ (certain languages such as C and Lisp are supported), everything you
+ type is automatically given a face property appropriate to its
+ syntactic role. For example, there are faces for comments, string
+ constants, names of functions being defined, and so on.
+
+ ** Dunnet, an adventure game, is now available.
+
+ ** Several major modes now have their own menu bar items,
+ including Dired, Rmail, and Sendmail. We would like to add
+ suitable menu bar items to other major modes.
+
+ ** The key binding C-x a C-h has been eliminated.
+ This is because it got in the way of the general feature of typing
+ C-h after a prefix character. If you want to run
+ inverse-add-global-abbrev, you can use C-x a - or C-x a i g instead.
+
+ ** If you set the variable `rmail-mail-new-frame' to a non-nil value,
+ all the Rmail commands to send mail make a new frame to do it in.
+ When you send the message, or use the menu bar command not to send it,
+ that frame is deleted.
+
+ ** In Rmail, the o and C-o commands are now almost interchangeable.
+ Both commands check the format of the file you specify, and append
+ the message to it in Rmail format if it is an Rmail file, and in
+ inbox file format otherwise. C-o and o are different only when you
+ specify a new file.
+
+ ** The function `copy-face' now takes an optional fourth argument
+ NEW-FRAME. If you specify this, it copies the definition of face
+ OLD-FACE on frame FRAME to face NEW-NAME on frame NEW-FRAME.
+
+ ** A local map can now cancel out one of the global map's menu items.
+ Just define that subcommand of the menu item with `undefined'
+ as the definition. For example, this cancels out the `Buffers' item
+ for the current major mode:
+
+ (local-set-key [menu-bar buffer] 'undefined)
+
+ ** To put global items at the end of the menu bar, use the new variable
+ `menu-bar-final-items'. It should be a list of symbols--event types
+ bound in the menu bar. The menu bar items for these symbols are
+ moved to the end.
+
+ ** The list returned by `buffer-local-variables' now contains cons-cell
+ elements of the form (SYMBOL . VALUE) only for buffer-local variables
+ that have values. For unbound buffer-local variables, the variable
+ name (symbol) appears directly as an element of the list.
+
+ ** The `modification-hooks' property of a character no longer affects
+ insertion; it runs only for deletion and modification of the character.
+
+ To detect insertion, use `insert-in-front-hooks' and
+ `insert-behind-hooks' properties. The former runs when text is
+ inserted immediately preceding the character that has the property;
+ the latter runs when text is inserted immediately following the
+ character.
+
+ ** Buffer modification now runs hooks belonging to overlays as well as
+ hooks belonging to characters. If an overlay has a
+ `modification-hooks' property, it applies to any change to text in the
+ overlay, and any insertion within the overlay. If the overlay has a
+ `insert-in-front-hooks' property, it runs for insertion at the
+ beginning boundary of the overlay. If the overlay has an
+ `insert-behind-hooks' property, it runs for insertion at the end
+ boundary of the overlay.
+
+ The values of these properties should be lists of functions. Each
+ function is called, receiving as arguments the overlay in question,
+ followed by the bounds of the range being modified.
+
+ ** The new `-name NAME' option directs Emacs to search for its X
+ resources using the name `NAME', and sets the title of the initial
+ frame. This argument was added for consistency with other X clients.
+
+ ** The new `-xrm DATABASE' option tells Emacs to treat the string
+ DATABASE as the text of an X resource database. Emacs searches
+ DATABASE for resource values, in addition to the usual places. This
+ argument was added for consistency with other X clients.
+
+ ** Emacs now searches for X resources in the files specified by the
+ XFILESEARCHPATH, XUSERFILESEARCHPATH, and XAPPLRESDIR environment
+ variables, emulating the functionality provided by programs written
+ using Xt. Because of this change, Emacs will now notice system-wide
+ application defaults files, as other X clients do.
+
+ XFILESEARCHPATH and XUSERFILESEARCHPATH should be a list of file names
+ separated by colons; XAPPLRESDIR should be a list of directory names
+ separated by colons.
+
+ Emacs searches for X resources
+ + specified on the command line, with the `-xrm RESOURCESTRING'
+ option,
+ + then in the value of the XENVIRONMENT environment variable,
+ - or if that is unset, in the file named ~/.Xdefaults-HOSTNAME if it exists
+ (where HOSTNAME is the hostname of the machine Emacs is running on),
+ + then in the screen-specific and server-wide resource properties
+ provided by the server,
+ - or if those properties are unset, in the file named ~/.Xdefaults
+ if it exists,
+ + then in the files listed in XUSERFILESEARCHPATH,
+ - or in files named LANG/Emacs in directories listed in XAPPLRESDIR
+ (where LANG is the value of the LANG environment variable), if
+ the LANG environment variable is set,
+ - or in files named Emacs in the directories listed in XAPPLRESDIR
+ - or in ~/LANG/Emacs (if the LANG environment variable is set),
+ - or in ~/Emacs,
+ + then in the files listed in XFILESEARCHPATH.
+
+ The paths in the variables XFILESEARCHPATH, XUSERFILESEARCHPATH, and
+ XAPPLRESDIR may contain %-escapes (like the control strings passed to
+ the Emacs lisp `format' function or C printf function), which Emacs expands.
+
+ %N is replaced by the string "Emacs" wherever it occurs.
+ %T is replaced by "app-defaults" wherever it occurs.
+ %S is replaced by the empty string wherever it occurs.
+ %L and %l are replaced by the value of the LANG environment variable; if LANG
+ is not set, Emacs does not use that directory or file name at all.
+ %C is replaced by the value of the resource named "customization"
+ (class "Customization"), as retrieved from the server's resource
+ properties or the user's ~/.Xdefaults file, or the empty string if
+ that resource doesn't exist.
+
+ So, for example,
+ if XFILESEARCHPATH is set to the value
+ "/usr/lib/X11/%L/%T/%N%C:/usr/lib/X11/%T/%N%C:/usr/lib/X11/%T/%N",
+ and the LANG environment variable is set to
+ "english",
+ and the customization resource is the string
+ "-color",
+ then, in the last step of the process described above, Emacs checks
+ for resources in the first of the following files that is present and
+ readable:
+ /usr/lib/X11/english/app-defaults/Emacs-color
+ /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/Emacs-color
+ /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/Emacs
+ If the LANG environment variable is not set, then Emacs never uses the
+ first element of the path, "/usr/lib/X11/%L/%T/%N%C", because it
+ contains the %L escape.
+
+ If XFILESEARCHPATH is unset, Emacs uses the default value
+ "/usr/lib/X11/%L/app-defaults/Emacs%C:\
+ /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/Emacs%C:\
+ /usr/lib/X11/%L/app-defaults/Emacs:\
+ /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/Emacs"
+
+ This feature was added for consistency with other X applications.
+
+ ** The new function `text-property-any' scans the region of text from
+ START to END to see if any character's property PROP is `eq' to
+ VALUE. If so, it returns the position of the first such character.
+ Otherwise, it returns nil.
+
+ The optional fifth argument, OBJECT, specifies the string or buffer to
+ be examined.
+
+ ** The new function `text-property-not-all' scans the region of text from
+ START to END to see if any character's property PROP is not `eq' to
+ VALUE. If so, it returns the position of the first such character.
+ Otherwise, it returns nil.
+
+ The optional fifth argument, OBJECT, specifies the string or buffer to
+ be examined.
+
+ ** The function `delete-windows-on' now takes an optional second
+ argument FRAME, which specifies which frames it should affect.
+ + If FRAME is nil or omitted, then `delete-windows-on' deletes windows
+ showing BUFFER (its first argument) on all frames.
+ + If FRAME is t, then `delete-windows-on' only deletes windows on the
+ selected frame; other frames are unaffected.
+ + If FRAME is a frame, then `delete-windows-on' only deletes windows on
+ the given frame; other frames are unaffected.
+
+
+ \f
+ * Changes in version 19.16.
+
+ ** When dragging the mouse to select a region, Emacs now highlights the
+ region as you drag (if Transient Mark mode is enabled). If you
+ continue the drag beyond the boundaries of the window, Emacs scrolls
+ the window at a steady rate until you either move the mouse back into
+ the window or release the button.
+
+ ** RET now exits `query-replace' and `query-replace-regexp'; this makes it
+ more consistent with the incremental search facility, which uses RET
+ to end the search.
+
+ ** In C mode, C-c C-u now runs c-up-conditional.
+ C-c C-n and C-c C-p now run new commands that move forward
+ and back over balanced sets of C conditionals (c-forward-conditional
+ and c-backward-conditional).
+
+ ** The Edit entry in the menu bar has a new alternative:
+ "Choose Next Paste". It gives you a menu showing the various
+ strings in the kill ring; click on one to select it as the text
+ to be yanked ("pasted") the next time you yank.
+
+ ** If you enable Transient Mark mode and set `mark-even-if-inactive' to
+ non-nil, then the region is highlighted in a transient fashion just as
+ normally in Transient Mark mode, but the mark really remains active
+ all the time; commands that use the region can be used even if the
+ region highlighting turns off.
+
+ ** If you type C-h after a prefix key, it displays the bindings
+ that start with that prefix.
+
+ ** The VC package now searches for version control commands in the
+ directories named by the variable `vc-path'; its value should be a
+ list of strings.
+
+ ** If you are visiting a file that has locks registered under RCS,
+ VC now displays each lock's owner and version number in the mode line
+ after the string `RCS'. If there are no locks, VC displays the head
+ version number.
+
+ ** When using X, if you load the `paren' library, Emacs automatically
+ underlines or highlights the matching paren whenever point is
+ next to the outside of a paren. When point is before an open-paren,
+ this shows the matching close; when point is after a close-paren,
+ this shows the matching open.
+
+ ** The new function `define-key-after' is like `define-key',
+ but takes an extra argument AFTER. It places the newly defined
+ binding after the binding for the event AFTER.
+
+ ** `accessible-keymaps' now takes an optional second argument, PREFIX.
+ If PREFIX is non-nil, it means the value should include only maps for
+ keys that start with PREFIX.
+
+ `describe-bindings' also accepts an optional argument PREFIX which
+ means to describe only the keys that start with PREFIX.
+
+ ** The variable `prefix-help-command' hold a command to run to display help
+ whenever the character `help-char' follows a prefix key and does not have
+ a key binding in that context.
+
+ ** Emacs now detects double- and triple-mouse clicks. A single mouse
+ click produces a pair events of the form:
+ (down-mouse-N POSITION)
+ (mouse-N POSITION)
+ Clicking the same mouse button again, soon thereafter and at the same
+ location, produces another pair of events of the form:
+ (down-mouse-N POSITION)
+ (double-mouse-N POSITION 2)
+ Another click will produce an event pair of the form:
+ (down-mouse-N POSITION)
+ (triple-mouse-N POSITION 3)
+ All the POSITIONs in such a sequence would be identical, except for
+ their timestamps.
+
+ To count as double- and triple-clicks, mouse clicks must be at the
+ same location as the first click, and the number of milliseconds
+ between the first release and the second must be less than the value
+ of the lisp variable `double-click-time'. Setting `double-click-time'
+ to nil disables multi-click detection. Setting it to t removes the
+ time limit; Emacs then detects multi-clicks by position only.
+
+ If `read-key-sequence' finds no binding for a double-click event, but
+ the corresponding single-click event would be bound,
+ `read-key-sequence' demotes it to a single-click. Similarly, it
+ demotes unbound triple-clicks to double- or single-clicks. This means
+ you don't have to distinguish between single- and multi-clicks if you
+ don't want to.
+
+ Emacs reports all clicks after the third as `triple-mouse-N' clicks,
+ but increments the click count after POSITION. For example, a fourth
+ click, soon after the third and at the same location, produces a pair
+ of events of the form:
+ (down-mouse-N POSITION)
+ (triple-mouse-N POSITION 4)
+
+ ** The way Emacs reports positions of mouse events has changed
+ slightly. If a mouse event includes a position list of the form:
+ (WINDOW (PLACE-SYMBOL) (COLUMN . ROW) TIMESTAMP)
+ this denotes exactly the same position as the list:
+ (WINDOW PLACE-SYMBOL (COLUMN . ROW) TIMESTAMP)
+ That is, the event occurred over a non-textual area of the frame,
+ specified by PLACE-SYMBOL, a symbol like `mode-line' or
+ `vertical-scroll-bar'.
+
+ Enclosing PLACE-SYMBOL in a singleton list does not change the
+ position denoted, but the `read-key-sequence' function uses the
+ presence or absence of the singleton list to tell whether or not it
+ should prefix the event with its place symbol.
+
+ Normally, `read-key-sequence' prefixes mouse events occurring over
+ non-textual areas with their PLACE-SYMBOLs, to select the sub-keymap
+ appropriate for the event; for example, clicking on the mode line
+ produces a sequence like
+ [mode-line (mouse-1 POSN)]
+ However, if lisp code elects to unread the resulting key sequence by
+ placing it in the `unread-command-events' variable, it is important
+ that `read-key-sequence' not insert the prefix symbol again; that
+ would produce a malformed key sequence like
+ [mode-line mode-line (mouse-1 POSN)]
+ For this reason, `read-key-sequence' encloses the event's PLACE-SYMBOL
+ in a singleton list when it first inserts the prefix, but doesn't
+ insert the prefix when processing events whose PLACE-SYMBOLs are
+ already thus enclosed.
+
+
+ \f
+ * Changes in version 19.15.
+
+ ** `make-frame-visible', which uniconified frames, is now a command,
+ and thus may be bound to a key. This makes sense because frames
+ respond to user input while iconified.
+
+ ** You can now use Meta mouse clicks to set and use the "secondary
+ selection". You can drag M-Mouse-1 across the region you want to
+ select. Or you can press M-Mouse-1 at one end and M-Mouse-3 at the
+ other (this also copies the text to the kill ring). Repeating M-Mouse-3
+ again at the same place kills that text.
+
+ M-Mouse-2 kills the secondary selection.
+
+ Setting the secondary selection does not move point or the mark. It
+ is possible to make a secondary selection that does not all fit on the
+ screen, by using M-Mouse-1 at one end, scrolling, then using M-Mouse-3
+ at the other end.
+
+ Emacs has only one secondary selection at any time. Starting to set
+ a new one cancels any previous one. The secondary selection displays
+ using a face named `secondary-selection'.
+
+ ** There's a new way to request use of Supercite (sc.el). Do this:
+
+ (add-hook 'mail-citation-hook 'sc-cite-original)
+
+ Currently this works with Rmail. In the future, other Emacs based
+ mail-readers should be modified to understand this hook also.
+ In the mean time, you should keep doing what you have done in the past
+ for those other mail readers.
+
+ ** When a regular expression contains `\(...\)' inside a repetition
+ operator such as `*' or `+', and you ask about the range that was matched
+ using `match-beginning' and `match-end', the range you get corresponds
+ to the *last* repetition *only*. In Emacs 18, you would get a range
+ corresponding to all the repetitions.
+
+ If you want to get a range corresponding to all the repetitions,
+ put a `\(...\)' grouping *outside* the repetition operator. This
+ is the syntax that corresponds logically to the desired result, and
+ it works the same in Emacs 18 and Emacs 19.
+
+ (This change actually took place earlier, but we didn't know about it
+ and thus didn't document it.)
+
+
+ \f
+ * Changes in version 19.14.
+
+ ** To modify read-only text, bind the variable `inhibit-read-only'
+ to a non-nil value. If the value is t, then all reasons that might
+ make text read-only are inhibited (including `read-only' text properties).
+ If the value is a list, then a `read-only' property is inhibited
+ if it is `memq' in the list.
+
+ ** If you call `get-buffer-window' passing t as its second argument, it
+ will only search for windows on visible frames. Previously, passing t
+ as the secord argument caused `get-buffer-window' to search all
+ frames, visible or not.
+
+ ** If you call `other-buffer' with a nil or omitted second argument, it
+ will ignore buffers displayed windows on any visible frame, not just
+ the selected frame.
+
+ ** You can specify a window or a frame for C-x # to use when
+ selects a server buffer. Set the variable server-window
+ to the window or frame that you want.
+
+ ** The command M-( now inserts spaces outside the open-parentheses in
+ some cases--depending on the syntax classes of the surrounding
+ characters. If the variable `parens-dont-require-spaces' is non-nil,
+ it inhibits insertion of these spaces.
+
+ ** The GUD package now supports the debugger known as xdb on HP/UX
+ systems. Use M-x xdb. The variable `gud-xdb-directories' lets you
+ specify a list of directories to search for source code.
+
+ ** If you are using the mailabbrev package, you should note that its
+ function for defining an alias is now called `define-mail-abbrev'.
+ This package no longer contains a definition for `define-mail-alias';
+ that name is used only in mailaliases.
+
+ ** Inserted characters now inherit the properties of the text before
+ them, by default, rather than those of the following text.
+
+ ** The function `insert-file-contents' now takes optional arguments BEG
+ and END that specify which part of the file to insert. BEG defaults to
+ 0 (the beginning of the file), and END defaults to the end of the file.
+
+ If you specify BEG or END, then the argument VISIT must be nil.
+
+
+ \f
+ * Changes in version 19.13.
+
+ ** Magic file names can now handle the `load' operation.
+
+ ** Bibtex mode now sets up special entries in the menu bar.
+
+ ** The incremental search commands C-w and C-y, which copy text from
+ the buffer into the search string, now convert it to lower case
+ if you are in a case-insensitive search. This is to avoid making
+ the search a case-sensitive one.
+
+ ** GNUS now knows your time zone automatically if Emacs does.
+
+ ** Hide-ifdef mode no longer defines keys of the form
+ C-c LETTER, since those keys are reserved for users.
+ Those commands have been moved to C-c M-LETTER.
+ We may move them again for greater consistency with other modes.
+
+
+ \f
+ * Changes in version 19.12.
+
+ ** You can now make many of the sort commands ignore case by setting
+ `sort-fold-case' to a non-nil value.
+
+
+ \f
+ * Changes in version 19.11.
+
+ ** Supercite is installed.
+
+ ** `write-file-hooks' functions that return non-nil are responsible
+ for making a backup file if you want that to be done.
+ To do so, execute the following code:
+
+ (or buffer-backed-up (backup-buffer))
+
+ You might wish to save the file modes value returned by
+ `backup-buffer' and use that to set the mode bits of the file
+ that you write. This is what `basic-save-buffer' does when
+ it writes a file in the usual way.
+
+ (This is not actually new, but wasn't documented before.)
+
+
+ \f
+ * Changes in version 19.10.
+
+ ** The command `repeat-complex-command' is now on C-x ESC ESC.
+ It used to be bound to C-x ESC.
+
+ The reason for this change is to make function keys work after C-x.
+
+ ** The variable `highlight-nonselected-windows' now controls whether
+ the region is highlighted in windows other than the selected window
+ (in Transient Mark mode only, of course, and currently only when
+ using X).
+
+
+ \f
+ * Changes in version 19.8.
+
+ ** It is now simpler to tell Emacs to display accented characters under
+ X windows. M-x standard-display-european toggles the display of
+ buffer text according to the ISO Latin-1 standard. With a prefix
+ argument, this command enables European character display iff the
+ argument is positive.
+
+ ** The `-i' command-line argument tells Emacs to use a picture of the
+ GNU gnu as its icon, instead of letting the window manager choose an
+ icon for it. This option used to insert a file into the current
+ buffer; use `-insert' to do that now.
+
+ ** The `configure' script now supports `--prefix' and `--exec-prefix'
+ options.
+
+ The `--prefix=PREFIXDIR' option specifies where the installation process
+ should put emacs and its data files. This defaults to `/usr/local'.
+ - Emacs (and the other utilities users run) go in PREFIXDIR/bin
+ (unless the `--exec-prefix' option says otherwise).
+ - The architecture-independent files go in PREFIXDIR/lib/emacs/VERSION
+ (where VERSION is the version number of Emacs, like `19.7').
+ - The architecture-dependent files go in
+ PREFIXDIR/lib/emacs/VERSION/CONFIGURATION
+ (where CONFIGURATION is the configuration name, like mips-dec-ultrix4.2),
+ unless the `--exec-prefix' option says otherwise.
+
+ The `--exec-prefix=EXECDIR' option allows you to specify a separate
+ portion of the directory tree for installing architecture-specific
+ files, like executables and utility programs. If specified,
+ - Emacs (and the other utilities users run) go in EXECDIR/bin, and
+ - The architecture-dependent files go in
+ EXECDIR/lib/emacs/VERSION/CONFIGURATION.
+ EXECDIR/bin should be a directory that is normally in users' PATHs.
+
+ ** When running under X, the new lisp function `x-list-fonts'
+ allows code to find out which fonts are available from the X server.
+ The first argument PATTERN is a string, perhaps with wildcard characters;
+ the * character matches any substring, and
+ the ? character matches any single character.
+ PATTERN is case-insensitive.
+ If the optional arguments FACE and FRAME are specified, then
+ `x-list-fonts' returns only fonts the same size as FACE on FRAME.
+
+
+ \f
+ * Changes in version 19.
+
+ ** When you kill buffers, Emacs now returns memory to the operating system,
+ thus reducing the size of the Emacs process. All the space that you free
+ up by killing buffers can now be reused for other buffers no matter what
+ their sizes, or reused by other processes if Emacs doesn't need it.
+
+ ** Emacs now does garbage collection and auto saving while it is waiting
+ for input, which often avoids the need to do these things while you
+ are typing.
+
+ The variable `auto-save-timeout' says how many seconds Emacs should
+ wait, after you stop typing, before it does an auto save and a garbage
+ collection.
+
+ ** If auto saving detects that a buffer has shrunk greatly, it refrains
+ from auto saving that buffer and displays a warning. Now it also turns
+ off Auto Save mode in that buffer, so that you won't get the same
+ warning again.
+
+ If you reenable Auto Save mode in that buffer, Emacs will start saving
+ it again with no further warnings.
+
+ ** A new minor mode called Line Number mode displays the current line
+ number in the mode line, updating it as necessary when you move
+ point.
+
+ However, if the buffer is very large (larger than the value of
+ `line-number-display-limit'), then the line number doesn't appear.
+ This is because computing the line number can be painfully slow if the
+ buffer is very large.
+
+ ** You can quit while Emacs is waiting to read or write files.
+
+ ** The arrow keys now have default bindings to move in the appropriate
+ directions.
+
+ ** You can suppress next-line's habit of inserting a newline when
+ called at the end of a buffer by setting next-line-add-newlines to nil
+ (it defaults to t).
+
+ ** You can now get back recent minibuffer inputs conveniently. While
+ in the minibuffer, type M-p to fetch the next earlier minibuffer
+ input, and use M-n to fetch the next later input.
+
+ There are also commands to search forward or backward through the
+ history for history elements that match a regular expression. M-r
+ searches older elements in the history, while M-s searches newer
+ elements. By special dispensation, these commands can always use the
+ minibuffer to read their arguments even though you are already in the
+ minibuffer when you issue them.
+
+ The history feature is available for all uses of the minibuffer, but
+ there are separate history lists for different kinds of input. For
+ example, there is a list for file names, used by all the commands that
+ read file names. There is a list for arguments of commands like
+ `query-replace'. There are also very specific history lists, such
+ as the one that `compile' uses for compilation commands.
+
+ ** You can now display text in a mixture of fonts and colors, using the
+ "face" feature, together with the overlay and text property features.
+ See the Emacs Lisp manual for details. The Emacs Users Manual describes
+ how to change the colors and font of standard predefined faces.
+
+ ** You can refer to files on other machines using special file name syntax:
+
+ /HOST:FILENAME
+ /USER@HOST:FILENAME
+
+ When you do this, Emacs uses the FTP program to read and write files on
+ the specified host. It logs in through FTP using your user name or the
+ name USER. It may ask you for a password from time to time; this
+ is used for logging in on HOST.
+
+ ** Some C-x key bindings have been moved onto new prefix keys.
+
+ C-x r is a prefix for registers and rectangles.
+ C-x n is a prefix for narrowing.
+ C-x a is a prefix for abbrev commands.
+
+ C-x r C-SPC
+ C-x r SPC point-to-register (Was C-x /)
+ C-x r j jump-to-register (Was C-x j)
+ C-x r s copy-to-register (Was C-x x)
+ C-x r i insert-register (Was C-x g)
+ C-x r r copy-rectangle-to-register (Was C-x r)
+ C-x r k kill-rectangle
+ C-x r y yank-rectangle
+ C-x r o open-rectangle
+ C-x r f frame-configuration-to-register
+ (This saves the state of all windows in all frames.)
+ C-x r w window-configuration-to-register
+ (This saves the state of all windows in the selected frame.)
+
+ (Use C-x r j to restore a configuration saved with C-x r f or C-x r w.)
+
+ C-x n n narrow-to-region (Was C-x n)
+ C-x n p narrow-to-page (Was C-x p)
+ C-x n w widen (Was C-x w)
+
+ C-x a l add-mode-abbrev (Was C-x C-a)
+ C-x a g add-global-abbrev (Was C-x +)
+ C-x a i l inverse-add-mode-abbrev (Was C-x C-h)
+ C-x a i g inverse-add-global-abbrev (Was C-x -)
+ C-x a e expand-abbrev (Was C-x ')
+
+ (The old key bindings C-x /, C-x j, C-x x and C-x g
+ have not yet been removed.)
+
+ ** You can put a file name in a register to be able to visit the file
+ quickly. Do this:
+
+ (set-register ?CHAR '(file . NAME))
+
+ where NAME is the file name as a string. Then C-x r j CHAR finds that
+ file.
+
+ This is useful for files that you need to visit frequently,
+ but that you don't want to keep in buffers all the time.
+
+ ** The keys M-g (fill-region) and C-x a (append-to-buffer)
+ have been eliminated.
+
+ ** The new command `string-rectangle' inserts a specified string on
+ each line of the region-rectangle.
+
+ ** C-x 4 r is now `find-file-read-only-other-window'.
+
+ ** C-x 4 C-o is now `display-buffer', which displays a specified buffer
+ in another window without selecting it.
+
+ ** Picture mode has been substantially improved. The picture editing commands
+ now arrange for automatic horizontal scrolling to keep point visible
+ when editing a wide buffer with truncate-lines on. Picture-mode
+ initialization now does a better job of rebinding standard commands;
+ it finds not just their normal keybindings, but any function keys
+ attached to them.
+
+ ** If you enable Transient Mark mode, then the mark becomes "inactive"
+ after every command that modifies the buffer. While the mark is
+ active, the region is highlighted (under X, at least). Most commands
+ that use the mark give an error if the mark is inactive, but you can
+ use C-x C-x to make it active again. This feature is also sometimes
+ known as "Zmacs mode".
+
+ ** Outline mode is now available as a minor mode. This minor mode can
+ combine with any major mode; it substitutes the C-c commands of
+ Outline mode for those of the major mode. Use M-x outline-minor-mode
+ to enable and disable the new mode.
+
+ M-x outline-mode is unchanged; it still switches to Outline mode as a
+ major mode.
+
+ ** The default setting of `version-control' comes from the environment
+ variable VERSION_CONTROL.
+
+ ** The user option for controlling whether files can set local
+ variables is now called `enable-local-variables'. A value of t means
+ local-variables lists are obeyed; nil means they are ignored; anything
+ else means query the user.
+
+ The user option for controlling use of the `eval' local variable is
+ now called is `enable-local-eval'; its values are interpreted like
+ those of `enable-local-variables'.
+
+ ** X Window System changes:
+
+ C-x 5 C-f and C-x 5 b switch to a specified file or buffer in a new
+ frame. Likewise, C-x 5 m starts outgoing mail in another frame, and
+ C-x 5 . finds a tag in another frame.
+
+ When you are using X, C-z now iconifies the selected frame.
+
+ Emacs can now exchange text with other X applications. Killing or
+ copying text in Emacs now makes that text available for pasting into
+ other X applications. The Emacs yanking commands now insert the
+ latest selection set by other applications, and add the text to the
+ kill ring. The Emacs commands for selecting and inserting text with
+ the mouse now use the kill ring in the same way the keyboard killing
+ and yanking commands do.
+
+ The option to specify the title for the initial frame is now `-name NAME'.
+ There is currently no way to specify an icon title; perhaps we will add
+ one in the future.
+
+ ** Undoing a deletion now puts point back where it was before the
+ deletion.
+
+ ** The variables that control how much undo information to save have
+ been renamed to `undo-limit' and `undo-strong-limit'. They used to be
+ called `undo-threshold' and `undo-high-threshold'.
+
+ ** You can now use kill commands in read-only buffers. They don't
+ actually change the buffer, and Emacs will beep and warn you that the
+ buffer is read-only, but they do copy the text you tried to kill into
+ the kill ring, so you can yank it into other buffers.
+
+ ** C-o inserts the fill-prefix on the newly created line. The command
+ M-^ deletes the prefix (if it occurs) after the newline that it
+ deletes.
+
+ ** C-M-l now runs the command `reposition-window'. It scrolls the
+ window heuristically in a way designed to get useful information onto
+ the screen.
+
+ ** C-M-r is now reverse incremental regexp search.
+
+ ** M-z now kills through the target character. In version 18, it
+ killed up to but not including the target character.
+
+ ** M-! now runs the specified shell command asynchronously if it
+ ends in `&' (just as the shell does).
+
+ ** C-h C-f and C-h C-k are new help commands that display the Info
+ node for a given Emacs function name or key sequence, respectively.
+
+ ** The C-h p command system lets you find Emacs Lisp packages by
+ topic keywords. Here is a partial list of package categories:
+
+ abbrev abbreviation handling, typing shortcuts, macros
+ bib code related to the bib bibliography processor
+ c C and C++ language support
+ calendar calendar and time management support
+ comm communications, networking, remote access to files
+ docs support for Emacs documentation
+ emulations emulations of other editors
+ extensions Emacs Lisp language extensions
+ games games, jokes and amusements
+ hardware support for interfacing with exotic hardware
+ help support for on-line help systems
+ i14n internationalization and alternate character-set support
+ internal code for Emacs internals, build process, defaults
+ languages specialized modes for editing programming languages
+ lisp Lisp support, including Emacs Lisp
+ local code local to your site
+ maint maintenance aids for the Emacs development group
+ mail modes for electronic-mail handling
+ news support for netnews reading and posting
+ processes process, subshell, compilation, and job control support
+ terminals support for terminal types
+ tex code related to the TeX formatter
+ tools programming tools
+ unix front-ends/assistants for, or emulators of, UNIX features
+ vms support code for vms
+ wp word processing
+
+ More will be added soon.
+
+ ** The command to split a window into two side-by-side windows is now
+ C-x 3. It was C-x 5.
+
+ ** M-. (find-tag) no longer has any effect on what M-, will do
+ subsequently. You can no longer use M-, to find the next similar tag;
+ you must use M-. with a prefix argument, instead.
+
+ The motive for this change is so that you can more reliably use
+ M-, to resume a suspended `tags-search' or `tags-query-replace'.
+
+ ** C-x s (`save-some-buffers') now gives you more options when it asks
+ whether to save a particular buffer. In addition to `y' or `n', you
+ can answer `!' to save all the remaining buffers, `.' to save this
+ buffer but not save any others, ESC to stop saving and exit the
+ command, and C-h to get help. These options are analogous to those
+ of `query-replace'.
+
+ ** M-x make-symbolic-link does not expand its first argument.
+ This lets you make a link with a target that is a relative file name.
+
+ ** M-x add-change-log-entry and C-x 4 a now automatically insert the
+ name of the file and often the name of the function that you changed.
+ They also handle grouping of entries.
+
+ There is now a special major mode for editing ChangeLog files. It
+ makes filling work conveniently. Each bunch of grouped entries is one
+ paragraph, and each collection of entries from one person on one day
+ is considered a page.
+
+ ** The `comment-region' command adds comment delimiters to the lines that
+ start in the region, thus commenting them out. With a negative argument,
+ it deletes comment delimiters from the lines in the region--this cancels
+ the effect of `comment-region' without an argument.
+
+ With a positive argument, `comment-region' adds comment delimiters
+ but duplicates the last character of the comment start sequence as many
+ times as the argument specifies. This is a way of calling attention to
+ the comment. In Lisp, you should use an argument at least two, because
+ the indentation convention for single semicolon comments does not leave
+ them at the beginning of a line.
+
+ ** If `split-window-keep-point' is non-nil, C-x 2 tries to avoid
+ shifting any text on the screen by putting point in whichever window
+ happens to contain the screen line the cursor is already on.
+ The default is that `split-window-keep-point' is non-nil on slow
+ terminals.
+
+ ** M-x super-apropos is like M-x apropos except that it searches both
+ Lisp symbol names and documentation strings for matches. It describes
+ every symbol that has a match in either the symbol's name or its
+ documentation.
+
+ Both M-x apropos and M-x super-apropos take an optional second
+ argument DO-ALL which controls the more expensive part of the job.
+ This includes looking up and printing the key bindings of all
+ commands. It also includes checking documentation strings in
+ super-apropos. DO-ALL is nil by default; use a prefix arg to make it
+ non-nil.
+
+ ** M-x revert-buffer no longer offers to revert from a recent auto-save
+ file unless you give it a prefix argument. Otherwise it always
+ reverts from the real file regardless of whether there has been an
+ auto-save since thenm. (Reverting from the auto-save file is no longer
+ very useful now that the undo capacity is larger.)
+
+ ** M-x recover-file no longer turns off Auto Save mode when it reads
+ the last Auto Save file.
+
+ ** M-x rename-buffer, if you give it a prefix argument,
+ avoids errors by modifying the new name to make it unique.
+
+ ** M-x rename-uniquely renames the current buffer to a similar name
+ with a numeric suffix added to make it both different and unique.
+
+ One use of this command is for creating multiple shell buffers.
+ If you rename your shell buffer, and then do M-x shell again, it
+ makes a new shell buffer. This method is also good for mail buffers,
+ compilation buffers, and any Emacs feature which creates a special
+ buffer with a particular name.
+
+ ** M-x compare-windows with a prefix argument ignores changes in whitespace.
+ If `compare-ignore-case' is non-nil, then differences in case are also
+ ignored.
+
+ ** `backward-paragraph' is now bound to M-{ by default, and `forward-paragraph'
+ to M-}. Originally, these commands were bound to M-[ and M-], but they were
+ running into conflicts with the use of function keys. On many terminals,
+ function keys send a sequence beginning ESC-[, so many users have defined this
+ as a prefix key.
+
+ ** C-x C-u (upcase-region) and C-x C-l (downcase-region) are now disabled by
+ default; these commands seem to be often hit by accident, and can be
+ quite destructive if their effects are not noticed immediately.
+
+ ** The function `erase-buffer' is now interactive, but disabled by default.
+
+ ** When visiting a new file, Emacs attempts to abbreviate the file's
+ path using the symlinks listed in `directory-abbrev-alist'.
+
+ ** When you visit the same file in under two names that translate into
+ the same name once symbolic links are handled, Emacs warns you that
+ you have two buffers for the same file.
+
+ ** If you wish to avoid visiting the same file in two buffers under
+ different names, set the variable `find-file-existing-other-name'
+ non-nil. Then `find-file' uses the existing buffer visiting the file,
+ no matter which of the file's names you specify.
+
+ ** If you set `find-file-visit-truename' non-nil, then the file name
+ recorded for a buffer is the file's truename (in which all symbolic
+ links have been removed), rather than the name you specify. Setting
+ `find-file-visit-truename' also implies the effect of
+ `find-file-existing-other-name'.
+
+ ** C-x C-v now inserts the entire current file name in the minibuffer.
+ This is convenient if you made a small mistake in typing it. Point
+ goes after the last slash, before the last file name component, so if
+ you want to replace it entirely, you can use C-k right away to delete
+ it.
+
+ ** Commands such as C-M-f in Lisp mode now ignore parentheses within comments.
+
+ ** C-x q now uses ESC to terminate all iterations of the keyboard
+ macro, rather than C-d as before.
+
+ ** Use the command `setenv' to set an individual environment variable
+ for Emacs subprocesses. Specify a variable name and a value, both as
+ strings. This command applies only to subprocesses yet to be
+ started.
+
+ ** Use `rot13-other-window' to examine a buffer with rot13.
+
+ This command does not change the text in the buffer. Instead, it
+ creates a window with a funny display table that applies the code when
+ displaying the text.
+
+ ** The command `M-x version' now prints the current Emacs version; The
+ `version' command is an alias for the `emacs-version' command.
+
+ ** More complex changes in existing packages.
+
+ *** `fill-nonuniform-paragraphs' is a new command, much like
+ `fill-individual-paragraphs' except that only separator lines separate
+ paragraphs. Since this means that the lines of one paragraph may have
+ different amounts of indentation, the fill prefix used is the smallest
+ amount of indentation of any of the lines of the paragraph.
+
+ *** Filling is now partially controlled by a new minor mode, Adaptive
+ Fill mode. When this mode is enabled (and it is enabled by default),
+ if you use M-x fill-region-as-paragraph on an indented paragraph and
+ you don't have a fill prefix, it uses the indentation of the second
+ line of the paragraph as the fill prefix.
+
+ Adaptive Fill mode doesn't have much effect on M-q in most major
+ modes, because an indented line will probably count as a paragraph
+ starter and thus each line of an indented paragraph will be considered
+ a paragraph of its own.
+
+ *** M-q in C mode now runs `c-fill-paragraph', which is designed
+ for filling C comments. (We assume you don't want to fill
+ the code in a C program.)
+
+ *** M-$ now runs the Ispell program instead of the Unix spell program.
+
+ M-$ starts an Ispell process the first time you use it. But the process
+ stays alive, so that subsequent uses of M-$ run very fast.
+ If you want to get rid of the process, use M-x kill-ispell.
+
+ To check the entire current buffer, use M-x ispell-buffer.
+ Use M-x ispell-region to check just the current region.
+
+ Ispell commands often involve interactive replacement of words.
+ You can interrupt the interactive replacement with C-g.
+ You can restart it again afterward with C-u M-$.
+
+ During interactive replacement, you can type the following characters:
+
+ a Accept this word this time.
+ DIGIT Replace the word (this time) with one of the displayed near-misses.
+ The digit you use says which near-miss to use.
+ i Insert this word in your private dictionary
+ so that Ispell will consider it correct it from now on.
+ r Replace the word this time with a string typed by you.
+
+ When the Ispell process starts, it reads your private dictionary which
+ is the file `~/ispell.words'. If you "insert" words with the `i' command,
+ these words are added to that file, but not right away--only at the end
+ of the interactive replacement process.
+
+ Use M-x reload-ispell to reload your private dictionary from
+ `~/ispell.words' if you edit it outside of Ispell.
+
+ ** Changes in existing modes.
+
+ *** gdb-mode has been replaced by gud-mode.
+
+ The package gud.el (Grand Unified Debugger) replaces gdb.el in Emacs
+ 19. It provides a gdb.el-like interface to any of three debuggers;
+ gdb itself, the sdb debugger supported on some Unix systems, or the
+ dbx debugger on Berkeley systems.
+
+ You start it up with one of the commands M-x gdb, M-x sdb, or
+ M-x dbx. Each entry point finishes by executing a hook; gdb-mode-hook,
+ sdb-mode-hook or dbx-mode-hook respectively.
+
+ These bindings have changed:
+ C-x C-a > gud-down (was M-d)
+ C-x C-a < gud-up (was M-u)
+ C-x C-a C-r gud-cont (was M-c)
+ C-x C-a C-n gud-next (was M-n)
+ C-x C-a C-s gud-step (was M-s)
+ C-x C-a C-i gud-stepi (was M-i)
+ C-x C-a C-l gud-recenter (was C-l)
+ C-d comint-delchar-or-maybe-eof (was C-c C-d)
+
+ These bindings have been removed:
+ C-c C-r (was comint-show-output; now gud-cont)
+
+ Since GUD mode uses comint, it uses comint's input history commands,
+ superseding C-c C-y (copy-last-shell-input):
+ M-p comint-next-input
+ M-n comint-previous-input
+ M-r comint-previous-similar-input
+ M-s comint-next-similar-input
+ M-C-r comint-previous-input-matching
+
+ The C-x C-a bindings are also active in source files.
+
+ *** The old TeX mode bindings of M-{ and M-} have been moved to C-c {
+ and C-c }. (These commands are `up-list' and `tex-insert-braces';
+ they are the TeX equivalents of M-( and M-).) This is because M-{
+ and M-} are now globally defined commands.
+
+ *** Changes in Mail mode.
+
+ `%' is now a word-separator character in Mail mode.
+
+ `mail-signature', if non-nil, tells M-x mail to insert your
+ `.signature' file automatically. If you don't want your signature in
+ a particular message, just delete it before you send the message.
+
+ You can specify the text to insert at the beginning of each line when
+ you use C-c C-y to yank the message you are replying to. Set
+ `mail-yank-prefix' to the desired string. A value of `nil' (the
+ default) means to use indentation, as in Emacs 18. If you use just
+ C-u as the prefix argument to C-c C-y, then it does not insert
+ anything at the beginning of the lines, regardless of the value of
+ `mail-yank-prefix'.
+
+ If you like, you can expand mail aliases as abbrevs, as soon as you
+ type them in. To enable this feature, execute the following:
+
+ (add-hook 'mail-setup-hook 'mail-abbrevs-setup)
+
+ This can go in your .emacs file.
+
+ Word abbrevs don't expand unless you insert a word-separator character
+ afterward. Any mail aliases that you didn't expand at insertion time
+ are expanded subsequently when you send the message.
+
+ *** Changes in Rmail.
+
+ Rmail by default gets new mail only from the system inbox file,
+ not from `~/mbox'.
+
+ In Rmail, you can retry sending a message that failed
+ by typing `M-m' on the failure message.
+
+ By contrast, another new command M-x rmail-resend is used for
+ forwarding a message and marking it as "resent from" you
+ with header fields "Resent-From:" and "Resent-To:".
+
+ `e' is now the command to edit a message.
+ To expunge, type `x'. We know this will surprise people
+ some of the time, but the surprise will not be disastrous--if
+ you type `e' meaning to expunge, just turn off editing with C-c C-c
+ and then type `x'.
+
+ Another new Rmail command is `<', which moves to the first message.
+ This is for symmetry with `>'.
+
+ Use the `b' command to bury the Rmail buffer and its summary buffer,
+ if any, removing both of them from display on the screen.
+
+ The variable `rmail-output-file-alist' now controls the default
+ for the file to output a message to.
+
+ In the Rmail summary buffer, all cursor motion commands select
+ the message you move to. It's really neat when you use
+ incremental search.
+
+ You can now issue most Rmail commands from an Rmail summary buffer.
+ The commands do the same thing in that buffer that they do in the
+ Rmail buffer. They apply to the message that is selected in the Rmail
+ buffer, which is always the one described by the current summary
+ line.
+
+ Conversely, motion and deletion commands in the Rmail buffer also
+ update the summary buffer. If you set the variable
+ `rmail-redisplay-summary' to a non-nil value, then they bring the
+ summary buffer (if one exists) back onto the screen.
+
+ C-M-t is a new command to make a summary by topic. It uses regexp
+ matching against just the subjects of the messages to decide which
+ messages to show in the summary.
+
+ You can easily convert an Rmail file to system mailbox format with the
+ command `unrmail'. This command reads two arguments, the name of
+ the Rmail file to convert, and the name of the new mailbox file.
+ (This command does not change the Rmail file itself.)
+
+ Rmail now handles Content Length fields in messages.
+
+ *** `mail-extract-address-components' unpacks mail addresses.
+ It takes an address as a string (the contents of the From field, for
+ example) and returns a list of the form (FULL-NAME
+ CANONICAL-ADDRESS).
+
+ *** Changes in C mode and C-related commands.
+
+ **** M-x c-up-conditional
+
+ In C mode, `c-up-conditional' moves back to the containing
+ preprocessor conditional, setting the mark where point was
+ previously.
+
+ A prefix argument acts as a repeat count. With a negative argument,
+ this command moves forward to the end of the containing preprocessor
+ conditional. When going backwards, `#elif' acts like `#else' followed
+ by `#if'. When going forwards, `#elif' is ignored.
+
+ **** In C mode, M-a and M-e are now defined as
+ `c-beginning-of-statement' and `c-end-of-statement'.
+
+ **** In C mode, M-x c-backslash-region is a new command to insert or
+ align `\' characters at the ends of the lines of the region, except
+ for the last such line. This is useful after writing or editing a C
+ macro definition.
+
+ If a line already ends in `\', this command adjusts the amount of
+ whitespace before it. Otherwise, it inserts a new `\'.
+
+ *** New features in info.
+
+ When Info looks for an Info file, it searches the directories
+ in `Info-directory-list'. This makes it easy to install the Info files
+ that come with various packages. You can specify the path with
+ the environment variable INFOPATH.
+
+ There are new commands in Info mode.
+
+ `]' now moves forward a node, going up and down levels as needed.
+ `[' is similar but moves backward. These two commands try to traverse
+ the entire Info tree, node by node. They are the equivalent of reading
+ a printed manual sequentially.
+
+ `<' moves to the top node of the current Info file.
+ `>' moves to the last node of the file.
+
+ SPC scrolls through the current node; at the end, it advances to the
+ next node in depth-first order (like `]').
+
+ DEL scrolls backwards in the current node; at the end, it moves to the
+ previous node in depth-first order (like `[').
+
+ After a menu select, the info `up' command now restores point in the
+ menu. The combination of this and the previous two changes means that
+ repeated SPC keystrokes do the right (depth-first traverse forward) thing.
+
+ `i STRING RET' moves to the node associated with STRING in the index
+ or indices of this manual. If there is more than one match for
+ STRING, the `i' command finds the first match.
+
+ `,' finds the next match for the string in the previous `i' command
+
+ If you click the middle mouse button near a cross-reference,
+ menu item or node pointer while in Info, you will go to the node
+ which is referenced.
+
+ *** Changes in M-x compile.
+
+ You can repeat any previous compilation command conveniently using the
+ minibuffer history commands, while in the minibuffer entering the
+ compilation command.
+
+ While a compilation is going on, the string `Compiling' appears in
+ the mode line. When this string disappears, that tells you the
+ compilation is finished.
+
+ The buffer of compiler messages is in Compilation mode. This mode
+ provides the keys SPC and DEL to scroll by screenfuls, and M-n and M-p
+ to move to the next or previous error message. You can also use C-c
+ C-c on any error message to find the corresponding source code.
+
+ Emacs 19 has a more general parser for compiler messages. For example, it
+ can understand messages from lint, and from certain C compilers whose error
+ message format is unusual. Also, it only parses until it sees the error
+ message you want; you never have to wait a long time to see the first
+ error, no matter how big the buffer is.
+
+ *** M-x diff and M-x diff-backup.
+
+ This new command compares two files, displaying the differences in an
+ Emacs buffer. The options for the `diff' program come from the
+ variable `diff-switches', whose value should be a string.
+
+ The buffer of differences has Compilation mode as its major mode, so you
+ can use C-x ` to visit successive changed locations in the two
+ source files, or you can move to a particular hunk of changes and type
+ C-c C-c to move to the corresponding source. You can also use the
+ other special commands of Compilation mode: SPC and DEL for
+ scrolling, and M-n and M-p for cursor motion.
+
+ M-x diff-backup compares a file with its most recent backup.
+ If you specify the name of a backup file, `diff-backup' compares it
+ with the source file that it is a backup of.
+
+ *** The View commands (such as M-x view-buffer and M-x view-file) no
+ longer use recursive edits; instead, they switch temporarily to a
+ different major mode (View mode) specifically designed for moving
+ around through a buffer without editing it.
+
+ *** Changes in incremental search.
+
+ **** The character to terminate an incremental search is now RET.
+ This is for compatibility with the way most other arguments are read.
+
+ To search for a newline in an incremental search, type LFD (also known
+ as C-j).
+
+ **** Incremental search now maintains a ring of previous search
+ strings. Use M-p and M-n to move through the ring to pick a search
+ string to reuse. These commands leave the selected search ring
+ element in the minibuffer, where you can edit it. Type C-s or C-r to
+ finish editing and search for the chosen string.
+
+ **** If you type an upper case letter in incremental search, that turns
+ off case-folding, so that you get a case-sensitive search.
+
+ **** If you type a space during regexp incremental search, it matches
+ any sequence of whitespace characters. If you want to match just a space,
+ type C-q SPC.
+
+ **** Incremental search is now implemented as a major mode. When you
+ type C-s, it switches temporarily to a different keymap which defines
+ each key to do what it ought to do for incremental search. This has
+ next to no effect on the user-visible behavior of searching, but makes
+ it easier to customize that behavior.
+
+ Emacs 19 eliminates the old variables `search-...-char' that used to
+ be the way to specify the characters to use for various special
+ purposes in incremental search. Instead, you can define the meaning
+ of a character in incremental search by modifying `isearch-mode-map'.
+
+ *** New commands in Buffer Menu mode.
+
+ The command C-o now displays the current line's buffer in another
+ window but does not select it. This is like the existing command `o'
+ which selects the current line's buffer in another window.
+
+ The command % toggles the read-only flag of the current line's buffer.
+
+ The way to switch to a set of several buffers, including those marked
+ with m, is now v. The q command simply quits, replacing the buffer
+ menu buffer with the buffer that was displayed previously.
+
+ ** New major modes and packages.
+
+ *** The news reader GNUS is now installed.
+
+ *** There is a new interface for version control systems, called VC.
+ It works with both RCS and SCCS; in fact, you don't really have to
+ know which one of them is being used, because it automatically deals
+ with either one.
+
+ Most of the time, the only command you have to know about is C-x C-q.
+ This command normally toggles the read-only flag of the current
+ buffer. If the buffer is visiting a file that is maintained with a
+ version control system, the command still toggles read-only, but does
+ so by checking the file in or checking it out.
+
+ When you check a file in, VC asks you for a log entry by popping up a
+ buffer. Edit the entry there, then type C-c C-c when it is ready.
+ That's when the actual checkin happens. If you change your mind about
+ the checkin, simply switch buffers and don't ever go back to the log
+ buffer.
+
+ To start using version control for a file, use the command C-x v v.
+ This works like C-x C-q (performing the next logical version-control
+ operation needed to change the file's writability) but it will also
+ perform initial checkin on an unregistered file.
+
+ By default, VC uses RCS if RCS is installed on your machine;
+ otherwise, SCCS. If you want to make the choice explicitly, you can do
+ it by setting `vc-default-back-end' to the symbol `RCS' or the symbol
+ `SCCS'.
+
+ You can tell when a file you visit is maintained with version control
+ because either `RCS' or `SCCS' appears in the mode line.
+
+ *** A new Calendar mode has been added, the work of Edward M. Reingold.
+ The mode can display the Gregorian calendar and a variety of other
+ calendars at any date, and interacts with a diary facility similar to
+ the UNIX `calendar' utility.
+
+ *** There is a new major mode for editing binary files: Hexl mode.
+ To use it, use M-x hexl-find-file instead of C-x C-f to visit the file.
+ This command converts the file's contents to hexadecimal and lets you
+ edit the translation. When you save the file, it is converted
+ automatically back to binary.
+
+ You can also use M-x hexl-mode to translate an existing buffer into hex.
+ Do this if you have already visited a binary file.
+
+ Hexl mode has a few other commands:
+
+ C-M-d insert a byte with a code typed in decimal.
+ C-M-o insert a byte with a code typed in octal.
+ C-M-x insert a byte with a code typed in hex.
+
+ C-x [ move to the beginning of a 1k-byte "page".
+ C-x ] move to the end of a 1k-byte "page".
+
+ M-g go to an address specified in hex.
+ M-j go to an address specified in decimal.
+
+ C-c C-c leave hexl mode and go back to the previous major mode.
+
+ *** Miscellaneous new major modes include Awk mode, Icon mode, Makefile
+ mode, Perl mode and SGML mode.
+
+ *** Edebug, a new source-level debugger for Emacs Lisp functions.
+
+ To use Edebug, use the command M-x edebug-defun to "evaluate" a
+ function definition in an Emacs Lisp file. We put "evaluate" in
+ quotation marks because it doesn't just evaluate the function, it also
+ inserts additional information to support source-level debugging.
+
+ You must also do
+
+ (setq debugger 'edebug-debug)
+
+ to cause errors and single-stepping to use Edebug instead of the usual
+ Emacs Lisp debugger.
+
+ For more information, see the Edebug manual, which should be included
+ in the Emacs distribution.
+
+ *** C++ mode is like C mode, except that it understands C++ comment syntax
+ and certain other differences between C and C++. It also has a command
+ `fill-c++-comment' which fills a paragraph made of comment lines.
+
+ The command `comment-region' is useful in C++ mode for commenting out
+ several consecutive lines, or removing the commenting out of such lines.
+
+ *** A new package for merging two variants of the same text.
+
+ It's not unusual for programmers to get their signals crossed and
+ modify the same program in two different directions. Then somebody
+ has to merge the two versions. The command `emerge-files' makes this
+ easier.
+
+ `emerge-files' reads two file names and compares them. Then it
+ displays three buffers: one for each file, and one for the
+ differences.
+
+ If the original version of the file is available, you can make things
+ even easier using `emerge-files-with-ancestor'. It reads three file
+ names--variant 1, variant 2, and the common ancestor--and uses diff3
+ to compare them.
+
+ You control the merging interactively. The main loop of Emerge
+ consists of showing you one set of differences, asking you what to do
+ about them, and doing it. You have a choice of two modes for giving
+ directions to Emerge: "fast" mode and "edit" mode.
+
+ In Fast mode, Emerge commands are single characters, and ordinary
+ Emacs commands are disabled. This makes Emerge operations fast, but
+ prevents you from doing more than selecting the A or the B version of
+ differences. In Edit mode, all emerge commands use the C-c prefix,
+ and the usual Emacs commands are available. This allows editing the
+ merge buffer, but slows down Emerge operations. Edit and fast modes
+ are indicated by `F' and `E' in the minor modes in the mode line.
+
+ The Emerge commands are:
+
+ p go to the previous difference
+ n go to the next difference
+ a select the A version of this difference
+ b select the B version of this difference
+ j go to a particular difference (prefix argument
+ specifies which difference) (0j suppresses display of
+ the flags)
+ q quit - finish the merge*
+ f go into fast mode
+ e go into edit mode
+ l recenter (C-l) all three windows*
+ - and 0 through 9
+ prefix numeric arguments
+ d a select the A version as the default from here down in
+ the merge buffer*
+ d b select the B version as the default from here down in
+ the merge buffer*
+ c a copy the A version of the difference into the kill
+ ring
+ c b copy the B version of the difference into the kill
+ ring
+ i a insert the A version of the difference at the point
+ i b insert the B version of the difference at the point
+ m put the point and mark around the difference region
+ ^ scroll-down (like M-v) the three windows*
+ v scroll-up (like C-v) the three windows*
+ < scroll-left (like C-x <) the three windows*
+ > scroll-right (like C-x >) the three windows*
+ | reset horizontal scroll on the three windows*
+ x 1 shrink the merge window to one line (use C-u l to restore it
+ to full size)
+ x a find the difference containing a location in the A buffer*
+ x b find the difference containing a location in the B buffer*
+ x c combine the two versions of this difference*
+ x C combine the two versions of this difference, using a
+ register's value as the template*
+ x d find the difference containing a location in the merge buffer*
+ x f show the files/buffers Emerge is operating on in Help window
+ (use C-u l to restore windows)
+ x j join this difference with the following one
+ (C-u x j joins this difference with the previous one)
+ x l show line numbers of points in A, B, and merge buffers
+ x m change major mode of merge buffer*
+ x s split this difference into two differences
+ (first position the point in all three buffers to the places
+ to split the difference)
+ x t trim identical lines off top and bottom of difference
+ (such lines occur when the A and B versions are
+ identical but differ from the ancestor version)
+ x x set the template for the x c command*
+
+ Normally, the merged output goes back in the first file specified.
+ If you use a prefix argument, Emerge reads another file name to use
+ for the output file.
+
+ Once Emerge has prepared the buffer of differences, it runs the hooks
+ in `emerge-startup-hooks'.
+
+ *** Asm mode is a new major mode for editing files of assembler code.
+ It defines these commands:
+
+ TAB tab-to-tab-stop.
+ LFD Insert a newline and then indent using tab-to-tab-stop.
+ : Insert a colon and then remove the indentation
+ from before the label preceding colon. Then tab-to-tab-stop.
+ ; Insert or align a comment.
+
+ *** Two-column mode lets you conveniently edit two side-by-side columns
+ of text. It works using two side-by-side windows, each showing its
+ own buffer.
+
+ Here are three ways to enter two-column mode:
+
+ C-x 6 2 makes the current buffer into the left-hand buffer. In the
+ right-hand window it puts a buffer whose name is based on the current
+ buffer's name.
+
+ C-x 6 b BUFFER RET makes the current buffer into the left-hand buffer,
+ and uses buffer BUFFER as the right-hand buffer.
+
+ C-x 6 s splits the current buffer, which contains two-column text,
+ into two side-by-side buffers. The old current buffer becomes the
+ left-hand buffer, but the text in the right column is moved into the
+ right-hand buffer. The current column specifies the split point.
+ Splitting starts with the current line and continues to the end of the
+ buffer.
+
+ C-x 6 s takes a prefix argument which specifies how many characters
+ before point constitute the column separator. (The default argument
+ is 1, as usual, so by default the column separator is the character
+ before point.) Lines that don't have the column separator at the
+ proper place remain unsplit; they stay in the left-hand buffer, and
+ the right-hand buffer gets an empty line to correspond.
+
+ You can scroll both buffers together using C-x 6 SPC (scroll up), C-x
+ 6 DEL (scroll down), and C-x 6 RET (scroll up one line). C-x 6 C-l
+ recenters both buffers together.
+
+ If you want to make a line which will span both columns, put it in
+ the left-hand buffer, with an empty line in the corresponding place in
+ the right-hand buffer.
+
+ When you have edited both buffers as you wish, merge them with C-x 6
+ 1. This copies the text from the right-hand buffer as a second column
+ in the other buffer. To go back to two-column editing, use C-x 6 s.
+
+ Use C-x 6 d to disassociate the two buffers, leaving each as it
+ stands. (If the other buffer, the one that was not current when you
+ type C-x 6 d, is empty, C-x 6 d kills it.)
+
+ *** You can supply command arguments such as files to visit to an Emacs
+ that is already running. To do this, you must do this in your .emacs
+ file:
+ (add-hook 'suspend-hook 'resume-suspend-hook)
+ Also you must use the shellscript emacs.csh or emacs.sh, found in the
+ etc subdirectory.
+
+ *** Shell mode has been completely replaced.
+ The basic idea is the same, but there are new commands available in
+ this mode.
+
+ TAB now completes the file name before point in the shell buffer.
+ To get a list of all possible completions, type M-?.
+
+ There is a new convenient history mechanism for repeating previous
+ commands. Use the command M-p to recall the last command; it copies
+ the text of that command to the place where you are editing. If you
+ repeat M-p, it replaces the copied command with the previous command.
+ M-n is similar but goes in the opposite direction towards the present.
+ When you find the command you wanted, you can edit it, or just
+ resubmit it by typing RET.
+
+ You can also use M-r and M-s to search for (respectively) earlier or
+ later inputs starting with a given string. First type the string,
+ then type M-r to yank a previous input from the history which starts
+ with that string. You can repeat M-r to find successively earlier
+ inputs starting with the same string. You can start moving in the
+ opposite direction (toward more recent inputs) by typing M-s instead
+ of M-r. As long as you don't use any commands except M-r and M-s,
+ they keep using the same string that you had entered initially.
+
+ C-c C-o kills the last batch of output from a shell command. This is
+ useful if a shell command spews out lots of output that just gets in
+ the way.
+
+ C-c C-r scrolls to display the beginning of the last batch of output
+ at the top of the window; it also moves the cursor there.
+
+ C-a on a line that starts with a shell prompt moves to the end of the
+ prompt, not to the very beginning of the line.
+
+ C-d typed at the end of the shell buffer sends EOF to the subshell.
+ At any other position in the buffer, it deletes a character as usual.
+
+ If Emacs gets confused while trying to track changes in the shell's
+ current directory, type M-x dirs to re-synchronize.
+
+ M-x send-invisible reads a line of text without echoing it, and
+ sends it to the shell.
+
+ If you accidentally suspend your process, use M-x comint-continue-subjob
+ to continue it.
+
+ *** There is now a convenient way to enable flow control on terminals
+ where you can't win without it. Suppose you want to do this on
+ VT-100 and H19 terminals; put the following in your `.emacs' file:
+
+ (enable-flow-control-on "vt100" "h19")
+
+ When flow control is enabled, you must type C-\ to get the effect of a
+ C-s, and type C-^ to get the effect of a C-q.
+
+ The function `enable-flow-control' enables flow control unconditionally.
+ \f
+ ** Changes in Dired
+
+ Dired has many new features which allow you to do these things:
+
+ - Rename, copy, or make links to many files at once.
+
+ - Make distinguishable types of marks for different operations.
+
+ - Display contents of subdirectories in the same Dired buffer as the
+ parent directory.
+
+ *** Setting and Clearing Marks
+
+ There are now two kinds of marker that you can put on a file in Dired:
+ `D' for deletion, and `*' for any other kind of operation.
+ The `x' command deletes only files marked with `D', and most
+ other Dired commands operate only on the files marked with `*'.
+
+ To mark files with `D' (also called "flagging" the files), you
+ can use `d' as usual. Here are some commands for marking with
+ `*' (and also for unmarking):
+
+ **** `m' marks the current file with `*', for an operation other than
+ deletion.
+
+ **** `*' marks all executable files. With a prefix argument, it
+ unmarks all those files.
+
+ **** `@' marks all symbolic links. With a prefix argument, it unmarks
+ all those files.
+
+ **** `/' marks all directory files except `.' and `..'. With a prefix
+ argument, it unmarks all those files.
+
+ **** M-DEL removes a specific or all marks from every file. With an
+ argument, queries for each marked file. Type your help character,
+ usually C-h, at that time for help.
+
+ **** `c' replaces all marks that use the character OLD with marks that
+ use the character NEW. You can use almost any character as a mark
+ character by means of this command, to distinguish various classes of
+ files. If OLD is ` ', then the command operates on all unmarked
+ files; if NEW is ` ', then the command unmarks the files it acts on.
+
+ *** Operating on Multiple Files
+
+ The Dired commands to operate directly on files (rename them, copy
+ them, and so on) have been generalized to work on multiple files.
+ There are also some additional commands in this series.
+
+ All of these commands use the same convention to decide which files to
+ manipulate:
+
+ - If you give the command a numeric prefix argument @var{n}, it operates
+ on the next @var{n} files, starting with the current file.
+
+ - Otherwise, if there are marked files, the commands operate on all the
+ marked files.
+
+ - Otherwise, the command operates on the current file only.
+
+ These are the commands:
+
+ **** `C' copies the specified files. You must specify a directory to
+ copy into, or (if copying a single file) a new name.
+
+ If `dired-copy-preserve-time' is non-`nil', then copying sets
+ the modification time of the new file to be the same as that of the old
+ file.
+
+ **** `R' renames the specified files. You must specify a directory to
+ rename into, or (if renaming a single file) a new name.
+
+ Dired automatically changes the visited file name of buffers associated
+ with renamed files so that they refer to the new names.
+
+ **** `H' makes hard links to the specified files. You must specify a
+ directory to make the links in, or (if making just one link) the name
+ to give the link.
+
+ **** `S' makes symbolic links to the specified files. You must specify
+ a directory to make the links in, or (if making just one link) the
+ name to give the link.
+
+ **** `M' changes the mode of the specified files. This calls the
+ `chmod' program, so you can describe the desired mode change with any
+ argument that `chmod' would handle.
+
+ **** `G' changes the group of the specified files.
+
+ **** `O' changes the owner of the specified files. (On normal systems,
+ only the superuser can do this.)
+
+ The variable `dired-chown-program' specifies the name of the
+ program to use to do the work (different systems put `chown' in
+ different places.
+
+ **** `Z' compresses or uncompresses the specified files.
+
+ **** `L' loads the specified Emacs Lisp files.
+
+ **** `B' byte compiles the specified Emacs Lisp files.
+
+ **** `P' prints the specified files. It uses the variables
+ `lpr-command' and `lpr-switches' just as `lpr-file' does.
+
+ *** Shell Commands in Dired
+
+ `!' reads a shell command string in the minibuffer and runs the shell
+ command on all the specified files. There are two ways of applying a
+ shell command to multiple files:
+
+ - If you use `*' in the command, then the shell command runs just
+ once, with the list of file names substituted for the `*'.
+
+ Thus, `! tar cf foo.tar * RET' runs `tar' on the entire list of file
+ names, putting them into one tar file `foo.tar'. The file names are
+ inserted in the order that they appear in the Dired buffer.
+
+ - If the command string doesn't contain `*', then it runs once for
+ each file, with the file name attached at the end. For example, `!
+ uudecode RET' runs `uudecode' on each file.
+
+ To run the shell command once for each file but without being limited
+ to putting the file name inserted in the middle, use a shell loop.
+ For example, this shell command would run `uuencode' on each of the
+ specified files, writing the output into a corresponding `.uu' file:
+
+ for file in *; uuencode $file $file >$file.uu; done
+
+ The working directory for the shell command is the top level directory
+ of the Dired buffer.
+
+ *** Regular Expression File Name Substitution
+
+ **** `% m REGEXP RET' marks all files whose names match the regular
+ expression REGEXP.
+
+ Only the non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. Use
+ `^' and `$' to anchor matches. Exclude subdirs by hiding them.
+
+ **** `% d REGEXP RET' flags for deletion all files whose names match
+ the regular expression REGEXP.
+
+ **** `% R', `% C', `% H', `% S'
+
+ These four commands rename, copy, make hard links and make soft links,
+ in each case computing the new name by regular expression substitution
+ from the name of the old file. They effectively perform
+ `query-replace-regexp' on the selected file names in the Dired buffer.
+
+ The commands read two arguments: a regular expression, and a
+ substitution pattern. Each selected file name is matched against the
+ regular expression, and then the part which matched is replaced with
+ the substitution pattern. You can use `\&' and `\DIGIT' in the
+ substitution pattern to refer to all or part of the old file name.
+
+ If the regular expression matches more than once in a file name,
+ only the first match is replaced.
+
+ Normally, the replacement process does not consider the directory names;
+ it operates on the file name within the directory. If you specify a
+ prefix argument of zero, then replacement affects entire file name.
+
+ To apply the command to all files matching the same regexp that you
+ use in the command, mark those files with `% m REGEXP RET', then use
+ the same regular expression in `% R'. To make this easier, `% R' uses
+ as a default the last regular expression specified in a `%' command.
+
+ *** Dired Case Conversion
+
+ **** `% u' renames each of the selected files to an upper case name.
+
+ **** `% l' renames each of the selected files to a lower case name.
+
+ *** File Comparison with Dired
+
+ **** `=' compares the current file with another file (the file at the
+ mark), by running the `diff' program. The file at the mark is given
+ to `diff' first.
+
+ **** `M-=' compares the current file with its backup file. If there
+ are several numerical backups, it uses the most recent one. If this
+ file is a backup, it is compared with its original.
+
+ The backup file is the first file given to `diff'.
+
+ *** Subdirectories in Dired
+
+ You can display more than one directory in one Dired buffer.
+ The simplest way to do this is to specify the options `-lR' for
+ running `ls'. That produces a recursive directory listing showing
+ all subdirectories, all within the same Dired buffer.
+
+ You can also insert the contents of a particular subdirectory with the
+ `i' command. Use this command on the line that describes a file which
+ is a directory. Inserted subdirectory contents follow the top-level
+ directory of the Dired buffer, just as they do in `ls -lR' output.
+
+ If the subdirectory's contents are already present in the buffer, the
+ `i' command just moves to it (type `l' to refresh it). It sets the
+ Emacs mark before moving, so C-x C-x takes you back to the old
+ position in the buffer.
+
+ When you have subdirectories in the Dired buffer, you can use the page
+ motion commands C-x [ and C-x ] to move by entire directories.
+
+ The following commands move up and down in the tree of directories
+ in one Dired buffer:
+
+ **** C-M-u Go up to the parent directory's headerline.
+
+ **** C-M-d Go down in the tree, to the first subdirectory's
+ headerline.
+
+ **** C-M-n Go to next subdirectory headerline, regardless of level.
+
+ **** C-M-p Go to previous subdirectory headerline, regardless of
+ level.
+
+ *** Hiding Subdirectories
+
+ "Hiding" a subdirectory means to make it invisible, except for its
+ headerline. Files inside a hidden subdirectory are never considered
+ by Dired. For example, the commands to operate on marked files ignore
+ files in hidden directories even if they are marked.
+
+ **** `$' hides or unhides the current subdirectory and move to next
+ subdirectory. A prefix argument serves as a repeat count.
+
+ **** `M-$' hides all subdirectories, leaving only their header lines.
+ Or, if at least one subdirectory is currently hidden, it makes
+ everything visible again. You can use this command to get an overview
+ in very deep directory trees or to move quickly to subdirectories far
+ away.
+
+ *** Editing the Dired Buffer
+
+ **** `l' updates the specified files in a Dired buffer. This means
+ reading their current status from the file system and changing the
+ buffer to reflect it properly.
+
+ If you use this command on a subdirectory header line, it updates the
+ contents of the subdirectory.
+
+ **** `g' updates the entire contents of the Dired buffer. It preserves
+ all marks except for those on files that have vanished. Hidden
+ subdirectories are updated but remain hidden.
+
+ **** `k' kills all marked lines (not the files). With a prefix
+ argument, it kills that many lines starting with the current line.
+
+ This command does not delete files; it just deletes text from the Dired
+ buffer.
+
+ If you kill the line for a file that is a directory, then its contents
+ are also deleted from the buffer. Typing `C-u k' on the header line
+ for a subdirectory is another way to delete a subdirectory from the
+ Dired buffer.
+
+ *** `find' and Dired.
+
+ To search for files with names matching a wildcard pattern use
+ `find-name-dired'. Its arguments are DIRECTORY and
+ PATTERN. It selects all the files in DIRECTORY or its
+ subdirectories whose own names match PATTERN.
+
+ The files thus selected are displayed in a Dired buffer in which the
+ ordinary Dired commands are available.
+
+ If you want to test the contents of files, rather than their names, use
+ `find-grep-dired'. This command takes two minibuffer arguments,
+ DIRECTORY and REGEXP; it selects all the files in
+ DIRECTORY or its subdirectories that contain a match for
+ REGEXP. It works by running `find' and `grep'.
+
+ The most general command in this series is `find-dired', which lets
+ you specify any condition that `find' can test. It takes two
+ minibuffer arguments, DIRECTORY and FIND-ARGS; it runs `find' in
+ DIRECTORY with using FIND-ARGS as the arguments to `find' specifying
+ which files to accept. To use this command, you need to know how to
+ use `find'.
+ \f
+ ** New amusements and novelties.
+
+ *** `M-x mpuz' displays a multiplication puzzle, in which each letter
+ stands for a digit, and you must determine which digit. The puzzles
+ are determined randomly, so they are always different.
+
+ *** `M-x gomoku' plays the game Gomoku with you. It needs more work.
+
+ *** `M-x spook' adds a line of randomly chosen keywords to an outgoing
+ mail message. The keywords are chosen from a list of words that
+ suggest you are discussing something subversive.
+
+ The idea is that the NSA reads all messages that contain keywords
+ suggesting they might be interested, and that adding these lines could
+ help to overload them. I would guess that they have modified their
+ program by now to ignore these lines of keywords; perhaps the program
+ can be updated if some clever hacker can determine what criterion they
+ actually use now.
+ \f
+ ** Installation changes
+
+ *** The configure script has been provided to help with the
+ installation process. It takes the place of editing the Makefiles and
+ src/config.h, and can often guess the appropriate operating system to
+ use for a particular machine type. See INSTALL for a more detailed
+ description of the steps required for installation.
+
+ *** If you create a Lisp file named `site-start.el', Emacs loads the file
+ whenever it starts up.
+
+ *** A new Lisp variable, `data-directory', indicates the directory
+ containing the DOC file, tutorial, copying agreement, and other
+ familiar `etc' files. The value of `data-directory' is a simple string.
+ The default should be set at build time, and the person installing
+ Emacs should place all the data files in this directory. The `help.el'
+ functions that look for docstrings and information files check this
+ variable. All Emacs Lisp packages should also be coded so that they
+ refer to `data-directory' to find data files.
+
+ *** The PURESIZE definition has been moved from config.h to its own
+ file, puresize.h. Since almost every file of C source in the
+ distribution depends on config.h, but only alloc.c and data.c depend
+ on puresize.h, this means that changing the value of PURESIZE causes
+ only those two files to be recompiled.
+
+ *** The makefile at the top of the Emacs source tree now supports a
+ `dist' target, which creates a compressed tar file suitable for
+ distribution, using the contents of the source tree. Object files,
+ old file versions, executables, DOC files, and other
+ architecture-specific or easy-to-recreate files are not included in
+ the tar file.
+
+
+ \f
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Copyright information:
+
+ Copyright (C) 1993, 1994, 1995, 2001, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+ Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
+ of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
+ copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved,
+ thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn.
+
+ Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
+ of this document, or of portions of it,
+ under the above conditions, provided also that they
+ carry prominent notices stating who last changed them.
+ \f
+ Local variables:
+ mode: outline
+ paragraph-separate: "[ \f]*$"
+ end:
+
+ arch-tag: 944be39b-afe8-4217-9977-c745b68a7ca2
projects / emacs.git / commitdiff