@noindent
Type @kbd{d B} to view the solutions in more readable notation.
-Type @w{@kbd{d C}} to view them in C language notation, and @kbd{d T}
-to view them in the notation for the @TeX{} typesetting system.
-Type @kbd{d N} to return to normal notation.
+Type @w{@kbd{d C}} to view them in C language notation, @kbd{d T}
+to view them in the notation for the @TeX{} typesetting system,
+and @kbd{d L} to view them in the notation for the @LaTeX{} typesetting
+system. Type @kbd{d N} to return to normal notation.
@noindent
Type @kbd{7.5}, then @kbd{s l a @key{RET}} to let @expr{a = 7.5} in these formulas.
Calc has added annotations to the file to help it remember the modes
that were used for this formula. They are formatted like comments
-in the @TeX{} typesetting language, just in case you are using @TeX{}.
-(In this example @TeX{} is not being used, so you might want to move
-these comments up to the top of the file or otherwise put them out
-of the way.)
+in the @TeX{} typesetting language, just in case you are using @TeX{} or
+@LaTeX{}. (In this example @TeX{} is not being used, so you might want
+to move these comments up to the top of the file or otherwise put them
+out of the way.)
As an extra flourish, we can add an equation number using a
righthand label: Type @kbd{d @} (1) @key{RET}}.
Here things like powers, square roots, and quotients and fractions
are displayed in a two-dimensional pictorial form. Calc has other
-language modes as well, such as C mode, FORTRAN mode, and @TeX{} mode.
+language modes as well, such as C mode, FORTRAN mode, @TeX{} mode
+and @LaTeX{} mode.
@smallexample
@group
@noindent
The commands in this section change Calc to use a different notation for
entry and display of formulas, corresponding to the conventions of some
-other common language such as Pascal or @TeX{}. Objects displayed on the
+other common language such as Pascal or @LaTeX{}. Objects displayed on the
stack or yanked from the Calculator to an editing buffer will be formatted
in the current language; objects entered in algebraic entry or yanked from
another buffer will be interpreted according to the current language.
and would have written the formula back with notations (like implicit
multiplication) which would not have been legal for a C program.
-As another example, suppose you are maintaining a C program and a @TeX{}
+As another example, suppose you are maintaining a C program and a @LaTeX{}
document, each of which needs a copy of the same formula. You can grab the
-formula from the program in C mode, switch to @TeX{} mode, and yank the
-formula into the document in @TeX{} math-mode format.
+formula from the program in C mode, switch to @LaTeX{} mode, and yank the
+formula into the document in @LaTeX{} math-mode format.
Language modes are selected by typing the letter @kbd{d} followed by a
shifted letter key.
@menu
* Normal Language Modes::
* C FORTRAN Pascal::
-* TeX Language Mode::
+* TeX and LaTeX Language Modes::
* Eqn Language Mode::
* Mathematica Language Mode::
* Maple Language Mode::
(except that Mathematica mode expects square brackets instead of
parentheses).
-@node C FORTRAN Pascal, TeX Language Mode, Normal Language Modes, Language Modes
+@node C FORTRAN Pascal, TeX and LaTeX Language Modes, Normal Language Modes, Language Modes
@subsection C, FORTRAN, and Pascal Modes
@noindent
convert to lower-case on input. With a negative prefix, these modes
convert to lower-case for display and input.
-@node TeX Language Mode, Eqn Language Mode, C FORTRAN Pascal, Language Modes
-@subsection @TeX{} Language Mode
+@node TeX and LaTeX Language Modes, Eqn Language Mode, C FORTRAN Pascal, Language Modes
+@subsection @TeX{} and @LaTeX{} Language Modes
@noindent
@kindex d T
@pindex calc-tex-language
@cindex TeX language
+@kindex d L
+@pindex calc-latex-language
+@cindex LaTeX language
The @kbd{d T} (@code{calc-tex-language}) command selects the conventions
-of ``math mode'' in the @TeX{} typesetting language, by Donald Knuth.
-Formulas are entered
-and displayed in @TeX{} notation, as in @samp{\sin\left( a \over b \right)}.
-Math formulas are usually enclosed by @samp{$ $} signs in @TeX{}; these
-should be omitted when interfacing with Calc. To Calc, the @samp{$} sign
-has the same meaning it always does in algebraic formulas (a reference to
-an existing entry on the stack).
+of ``math mode'' in Donald Knuth's @TeX{} typesetting language,
+and the @kbd{d L} (@code{calc-latex-language}) command selects the
+conventions of ``math mode'' in @LaTeX{}, a typesetting language that
+uses @TeX{} as its formatting engine. Calc's @LaTeX{} language mode can
+read any formula that the @TeX{} language mode can, although @LaTeX{}
+mode may display it differently.
+
+Formulas are entered and displayed in the appropriate notation;
+@texline @math{\sin(a/b)}
+@infoline @expr{sin(a/b)}
+will appear as @samp{\sin\left( a \over b \right)} in @TeX{} mode and
+@samp{\sin\left(\frac@{a@}@{b@}\right)} in @LaTeX{} mode.
+Math formulas are often enclosed by @samp{$ $} signs in @TeX{} and
+@LaTeX{}; these should be omitted when interfacing with Calc. To Calc,
+the @samp{$} sign has the same meaning it always does in algebraic
+formulas (a reference to an existing entry on the stack).
Complex numbers are displayed as in @samp{3 + 4i}. Fractions and
-quotients are written using @code{\over};
-binomial coefficients are written with @code{\choose}.
-Interval forms are written with @code{\ldots}, and
-error forms are written with @code{\pm}.
-Absolute values are written as in @samp{|x + 1|}, and the floor and
-ceiling functions are written with @code{\lfloor}, @code{\rfloor}, etc.
-The words @code{\left} and @code{\right} are ignored when reading
-formulas in @TeX{} mode. Both @code{inf} and @code{uinf} are written
-as @code{\infty}; when read, @code{\infty} always translates to
-@code{inf}.
+quotients are written using @code{\over} in @TeX{} mode (as in
+@code{@{a \over b@}}) and @code{\frac} in @LaTeX{} mode (as in
+@code{\frac@{a@}@{b@}}); binomial coefficients are written with
+@code{\choose} in @TeX{} mode (as in @code{@{a \choose b@}}) and
+@code{\binom} in @LaTeX{} mode (as in @code{\binom@{a@}@{b@}}).
+Interval forms are written with @code{\ldots}, and error forms are
+written with @code{\pm}. Absolute values are written as in
+@samp{|x + 1|}, and the floor and ceiling functions are written with
+@code{\lfloor}, @code{\rfloor}, etc. The words @code{\left} and
+@code{\right} are ignored when reading formulas in @TeX{} and @LaTeX{}
+modes. Both @code{inf} and @code{uinf} are written as @code{\infty};
+when read, @code{\infty} always translates to @code{inf}.
Function calls are written the usual way, with the function name followed
-by the arguments in parentheses. However, functions for which @TeX{} has
-special names (like @code{\sin}) will use curly braces instead of
-parentheses for very simple arguments. During input, curly braces and
-parentheses work equally well for grouping, but when the document is
-formatted the curly braces will be invisible. Thus the printed result is
+by the arguments in parentheses. However, functions for which @TeX{}
+and @LaTeX{} have special names (like @code{\sin}) will use curly braces
+instead of parentheses for very simple arguments. During input, curly
+braces and parentheses work equally well for grouping, but when the
+document is formatted the curly braces will be invisible. Thus the
+printed result is
@texline @math{\sin{2 x}}
@infoline @expr{sin 2x}
but
@texline @math{\sin(2 + x)}.
@infoline @expr{sin(2 + x)}.
-Function and variable names not treated specially by @TeX{} are simply
-written out as-is, which will cause them to come out in italic letters
-in the printed document. If you invoke @kbd{d T} with a positive numeric
-prefix argument, names of more than one character will instead be written
-@samp{\hbox@{@var{name}@}}. The @samp{\hbox@{ @}} notation is ignored
-during reading. If you use a negative prefix argument, such function
-names are written @samp{\@var{name}}, and function names that begin
-with @code{\} during reading have the @code{\} removed. (Note that
-in this mode, long variable names are still written with @code{\hbox}.
-However, you can always make an actual variable name like @code{\bar}
-in any @TeX{} mode.)
+Function and variable names not treated specially by @TeX{} and @LaTeX{}
+are simply written out as-is, which will cause them to come out in
+italic letters in the printed document. If you invoke @kbd{d T} or
+@kbd{d L} with a positive numeric prefix argument, names of more than
+one character will instead be enclosed in a protective commands that
+will prevent them from being typeset in the math italics; they will be
+written @samp{\hbox@{@var{name}@}} in @TeX{} mode and
+@samp{\text@{@var{name}@}} in @LaTeX{} mode. The
+@samp{\hbox@{ @}} and @samp{\text@{ @}} notations are ignored during
+reading. If you use a negative prefix argument, such function names are
+written @samp{\@var{name}}, and function names that begin with @code{\} during
+reading have the @code{\} removed. (Note that in this mode, long
+variable names are still written with @code{\hbox} or @code{\text}.
+However, you can always make an actual variable name like @code{\bar} in
+any @TeX{} mode.)
During reading, text of the form @samp{\matrix@{ ...@: @}} is replaced
by @samp{[ ...@: ]}. The same also applies to @code{\pmatrix} and
-@code{\bmatrix}. The symbol @samp{&} is interpreted as a comma,
+@code{\bmatrix}. In @LaTeX{} mode this also applies to
+@samp{\begin@{matrix@} ... \end@{matrix@}},
+@samp{\begin@{bmatrix@} ... \end@{bmatrix@}},
+@samp{\begin@{pmatrix@} ... \end@{pmatrix@}}, as well as
+@samp{\begin@{smallmatrix@} ... \end@{smallmatrix@}}.
+The symbol @samp{&} is interpreted as a comma,
and the symbols @samp{\cr} and @samp{\\} are interpreted as semicolons.
During output, matrices are displayed in @samp{\matrix@{ a & b \\ c & d@}}
-format; you may need to edit this afterwards to change @code{\matrix}
-to @code{\pmatrix} or @code{\\} to @code{\cr}.
+format in @TeX{} mode and in
+@samp{\begin@{pmatrix@} a & b \\ c & d \end@{pmatrix@}} format in
+@LaTeX{} mode; you may need to edit this afterwards to change to your
+preferred matrix form. If you invoke @kbd{d T} or @kbd{d L} with an
+argument of 2 or -2, then matrices will be displayed in two-dimensional
+form, such as
+
+@example
+\begin@{pmatrix@}
+a & b \\
+c & d
+\end@{pmatrix@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+This may be convenient for isolated matrices, but could lead to
+expressions being displayed like
+
+@example
+\begin@{pmatrix@} \times x
+a & b \\
+c & d
+\end@{pmatrix@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+While this wouldn't bother Calc, it is incorrect @LaTeX{}.
+(Similarly for @TeX{}.)
Accents like @code{\tilde} and @code{\bar} translate into function
calls internally (@samp{tilde(x)}, @samp{bar(x)}). The @code{\underline}
sequence is treated as an accent. The @code{\vec} accent corresponds
to the function name @code{Vec}, because @code{vec} is the name of
a built-in Calc function. The following table shows the accents
-in Calc, @TeX{}, and @dfn{eqn} (described in the next section):
+in Calc, @TeX{}, @LaTeX{} and @dfn{eqn} (described in the next section):
@iftex
@begingroup
@ignore
@starindex
@end ignore
+@tindex Acute
+@ignore
+@starindex
+@end ignore
@tindex bar
@ignore
@starindex
@end ignore
+@tindex Bar
+@ignore
+@starindex
+@end ignore
@tindex breve
@ignore
@starindex
@end ignore
+@tindex Breve
+@ignore
+@starindex
+@end ignore
@tindex check
@ignore
@starindex
@end ignore
+@tindex Check
+@ignore
+@starindex
+@end ignore
+@tindex dddot
+@ignore
+@starindex
+@end ignore
+@tindex ddddot
+@ignore
+@starindex
+@end ignore
@tindex dot
@ignore
@starindex
@end ignore
+@tindex Dot
+@ignore
+@starindex
+@end ignore
@tindex dotdot
@ignore
@starindex
@end ignore
+@tindex DotDot
+@ignore
+@starindex
+@end ignore
@tindex dyad
@ignore
@starindex
@ignore
@starindex
@end ignore
+@tindex Grave
+@ignore
+@starindex
+@end ignore
@tindex hat
@ignore
@starindex
@end ignore
+@tindex Hat
+@ignore
+@starindex
+@end ignore
@tindex Prime
@ignore
@starindex
@ignore
@starindex
@end ignore
+@tindex Tilde
+@ignore
+@starindex
+@end ignore
@tindex under
@ignore
@starindex
@end ignore
@tindex Vec
+@ignore
+@starindex
+@end ignore
+@tindex VEC
@iftex
@endgroup
@end iftex
@example
-Calc TeX eqn
----- --- ---
-acute \acute
-bar \bar bar
-breve \breve
-check \check
-dot \dot dot
-dotdot \ddot dotdot
-dyad dyad
-grave \grave
-hat \hat hat
-Prime prime
-tilde \tilde tilde
-under \underline under
-Vec \vec vec
+Calc TeX LaTeX eqn
+---- --- ----- ---
+acute \acute \acute
+Acute \Acute
+bar \bar \bar bar
+Bar \Bar
+breve \breve \breve
+Breve \Breve
+check \check \check
+Check \Check
+dddot \dddot
+ddddot \ddddot
+dot \dot \dot dot
+Dot \Dot
+dotdot \ddot \ddot dotdot
+DotDot \Ddot
+dyad dyad
+grave \grave \grave
+Grave \Grave
+hat \hat \hat hat
+Hat \Hat
+Prime prime
+tilde \tilde \tilde tilde
+Tilde \Tilde
+under \underline \underline under
+Vec \vec \vec vec
+VEC \Vec
@end example
The @samp{=>} (evaluates-to) operator appears as a @code{\to} symbol:
\evalto
@end example
-Note that, because these symbols are ignored, reading a @TeX{} formula
-into Calc and writing it back out may lose spacing and font information.
+Note that, because these symbols are ignored, reading a @TeX{} or
+@LaTeX{} formula into Calc and writing it back out may lose spacing and
+font information.
Also, the ``discretionary multiplication sign'' @samp{\*} is read
the same as @samp{*}.
@sp 2
@end iftex
-@node Eqn Language Mode, Mathematica Language Mode, TeX Language Mode, Language Modes
+@node Eqn Language Mode, Mathematica Language Mode, TeX and LaTeX Language Modes, Language Modes
@subsection Eqn Language Mode
@noindent
symbol (these are used to introduce spaces of various widths into
the typeset output of @dfn{eqn}).
-As in @TeX{} mode, Calc's formatter omits parentheses around the
+As in @LaTeX{} mode, Calc's formatter omits parentheses around the
arguments of functions like @code{ln} and @code{sin} if they are
``simple-looking''; in this case Calc surrounds the argument with
braces, separated by a @samp{~} from the function name: @samp{sin~@{x@}}.
of quotes in @dfn{eqn}, but it is good enough for most uses.
Accent codes (@samp{@var{x} dot}) are handled by treating them as
-function calls (@samp{dot(@var{x})}) internally. @xref{TeX Language
-Mode}, for a table of these accent functions. The @code{prime} accent
-is treated specially if it occurs on a variable or function name:
-@samp{f prime prime @w{( x prime )}} is stored internally as
-@samp{f'@w{'}(x')}. For example, taking the derivative of @samp{f(2 x)}
-with @kbd{a d x} will produce @samp{2 f'(2 x)}, which @dfn{eqn} mode
-will display as @samp{2 f prime ( 2 x )}.
+function calls (@samp{dot(@var{x})}) internally.
+@xref{TeX and LaTeX Language Modes}, for a table of these accent
+functions. The @code{prime} accent is treated specially if it occurs on
+a variable or function name: @samp{f prime prime @w{( x prime )}} is
+stored internally as @samp{f'@w{'}(x')}. For example, taking the
+derivative of @samp{f(2 x)} with @kbd{a d x} will produce @samp{2 f'(2
+x)}, which @dfn{eqn} mode will display as @samp{2 f prime ( 2 x )}.
Assignments are written with the @samp{<-} (left-arrow) symbol,
and @code{evalto} operators are written with @samp{->} or
-@samp{evalto ... ->} (@pxref{TeX Language Mode}, for a discussion
+@samp{evalto ... ->} (@pxref{TeX and LaTeX Language Modes}, for a discussion
of this). The regular Calc symbols @samp{:=} and @samp{=>} are also
recognized for these operators during reading.
FORTRAN language mode (@kbd{d F}).
@item TeX
-@TeX{} language mode (@kbd{d T}; @pxref{TeX Language Mode}).
+@TeX{} language mode (@kbd{d T}; @pxref{TeX and LaTeX Language Modes}).
+
+@item LaTeX
+@LaTeX{} language mode (@kbd{d L}; @pxref{TeX and LaTeX Language Modes}).
@item Eqn
@dfn{Eqn} language mode (@kbd{d E}; @pxref{Eqn Language Mode}).
@cindex @samp{=>} operator
The special algebraic symbol @samp{=>} is known as the @dfn{evaluates-to
operator}. (It will show up as an @code{evalto} function call in
-other language modes like Pascal and @TeX{}.) This is a binary
+other language modes like Pascal and @LaTeX{}.) This is a binary
operator, that is, it has a lefthand and a righthand argument,
although it can be entered with the righthand argument omitted.
(@code{calc-assign}) [@code{assign}] command which takes a variable
and value from the stack and replaces them with an assignment.
-@xref{TeX Language Mode}, for the way @samp{=>} appears in
+@xref{TeX and LaTeX Language Modes}, for the way @samp{=>} appears in
@TeX{} language output. The @dfn{eqn} mode gives similar
treatment to @samp{=>}.
The @TeX{} and La@TeX{} math delimiters @samp{$ $}, @samp{$$ $$},
@samp{\[ \]}, and @samp{\( \)};
@item
-Lines beginning with @samp{\begin} and @samp{\end};
+Lines beginning with @samp{\begin} and @samp{\end} (except matrix delimiters);
@item
Lines beginning with @samp{@@} (Texinfo delimiters).
@item
When Embedded mode ``activates'' a formula, i.e., when it examines
the formula for the first time since the buffer was created or
loaded, Calc tries to sense the language in which the formula was
-written. If the formula contains any @TeX{}-like @samp{\} sequences,
-it is parsed (i.e., read) in @TeX{} mode. If the formula appears to
+written. If the formula contains any @LaTeX{}-like @samp{\} sequences,
+it is parsed (i.e., read) in @LaTeX{} mode. If the formula appears to
be written in multi-line Big mode, it is parsed in Big mode. Otherwise,
it is parsed according to the current language mode.
Note that Calc does not change the current language mode according
-to what it finds. Even though it can read a @TeX{} formula when
-not in @TeX{} mode, it will immediately rewrite this formula using
-whatever language mode is in effect. You must then type @kbd{d T}
-to switch Calc permanently into @TeX{} mode if that is what you
+to what it finds. Even though it can read a @LaTeX{} formula when
+not in @LaTeX{} mode, it will immediately rewrite this formula using
+whatever language mode is in effect. You must then type @kbd{d L}
+to switch Calc permanently into @LaTeX{} mode if that is what you
desire.
@tex
Plain formulas are preceded and followed by @samp{%%%} signs
by default. This notation has the advantage that the @samp{%}
-character begins a comment in @TeX{}, so if your formula is
-embedded in a @TeX{} document its plain version will be
+character begins a comment in @TeX{} and @LaTeX{}, so if your formula is
+embedded in a @TeX{} or @LaTeX{} document its plain version will be
invisible in the final printed copy. @xref{Customizing
Embedded Mode}, to see how to change the ``plain'' formula
delimiters, say to something that @dfn{eqn} or some other
@noindent
where the leading and trailing @samp{---} can be replaced by
any suitable strings (which must be the same on all three lines)
-or omitted altogether; in a @TeX{} file, @samp{%} would be a good
+or omitted altogether; in a @TeX{} or @LaTeX{} file, @samp{%} would be a good
leading string and no trailing string would be necessary. In a
C program, @samp{/*} and @samp{*/} would be good leading and
trailing strings.
@r{ @: d O @: @: 50 @:calc-flat-language@:}
@r{ @: d P @: @: 50 @:calc-pascal-language@:}
@r{ @: d T @: @: 50 @:calc-tex-language@:}
+@r{ @: d L @: @: 50 @:calc-latex-language@:}
@r{ @: d U @: @: 50 @:calc-unformatted-language@:}
@r{ @: d W @: @: 50 @:calc-maple-language@:}
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