--- /dev/null
+;;; iroquoian.el --- Quail packages for inputting Iroquoian languages -*- lexical-binding: t; coding: utf-8; -*-
+
+;; Copyright (C) 2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+;; Author: Kierin Bell <fernseed@fernseed.me>
+;; Keywords: i18n
+
+;; This file is part of GNU Emacs.
+
+;; This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;; it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;; the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+;; (at your option) any later version.
+
+;; This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+;; GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;; along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+;;; Commentary:
+
+;; This file implements input methods for Northern Iroquoian languages.
+
+;; Input methods are implemented for all Five Nations Iroquois
+;; languages:
+
+;; - Mohawk (Kanien’kéha / Onkwehonwehnéha)
+;; - Oneida (Onʌyota:ká: / Ukwehuwehnéha)
+;; - Onondaga (Onųdaʔgegáʔ)
+;; - Cayuga (Gayogo̱ho:nǫhnéha:ˀ)
+;; - Seneca (Onödowá’ga:’)
+
+;; A composite input method for all of the languages above is also
+;; defined: `haudenosaunee-postfix'.
+
+;; Input methods are not yet implemented for the remaining Northern
+;; Iroquoian languages, including:
+
+;; - Tuscarora (Skarù:ręʔ)
+;; - Wendat (Huron) / Wyandot
+
+;;; Code:
+
+(require 'quail)
+(require 'seq)
+(require 'pcase)
+
+\f
+;;; Mohawk
+
+;;
+;; There are several orthographies used today to write Mohawk in
+;; different communities, but differences are small and mainly involve
+;; differences in representation of the palatal glide [j] (written <i>
+;; in Eastern/Central dialects and <y> in Western dialects). The
+;; following input method should work for all of variants.
+;;
+;; Reference work for orthographies used by speakers of Eastern
+;; (Kahnawà:ke, Kanehsatà:ke, Wáhta) and Central (Ahkwesahsne) dialects
+;; of Mohawk:
+;;
+;; Lazore, Dorothy Karihwénhawe. 1993. The Mohawk language
+;; Standardisation Project, Conference Report. Ontario: Literacy
+;; Ontario.
+;;
+;; Reference work for the orthography commonly used by speakers of
+;; Western dialects of Mohawk (Tyendinaga, Ohswé:ken):
+;;
+;; Brian Maracle. 2021. 1st Year Adult Immersion Program 2020-21.
+;; Ohsweken, ON, Canada: Onkwawenna Kentyohkwa. Unpublished curriculum
+;; document written by staff for the Okwawenna Kentyohkwa adult
+;; immersion program.
+;;
+
+(defconst iroquoian-mohawk-modifier-alist nil
+ "Alist of rules for modifier letters in Mohawk input methods.
+Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
+
+(defconst iroquoian-mohawk-vowel-alist
+ '(("a'" ?á)
+ ("a`" ?à)
+ ("A'" ?Á)
+ ("A`" ?À)
+ ("e'" ?é)
+ ("e`" ?è)
+ ("E'" ?É)
+ ("E`" ?È)
+ ("i'" ?í)
+ ("i`" ?ì)
+ ("I'" ?Í)
+ ("I`" ?Ì)
+ ("o'" ?ó)
+ ("o`" ?ò)
+ ("O'" ?Ó)
+ ("O`" ?Ò)
+
+ ("a''" ["a'"])
+ ("a``" ["a`"])
+ ("A''" ["A'"])
+ ("A``" ["A`"])
+ ("e''" ["e'"])
+ ("e``" ["e`"])
+ ("E''" ["E'"])
+ ("E``" ["E`"])
+ ("i''" ["i'"])
+ ("i``" ["i`"])
+ ("I''" ["I'"])
+ ("I``" ["I`"])
+ ("o''" ["o'"])
+ ("o``" ["o`"])
+ ("O''" ["O'"])
+ ("O``" ["O`"]))
+ "Alist of rules for vowel letters in Mohawk input methods.
+Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
+
+(defconst iroquoian-mohawk-consonant-alist
+ '((";;" ?\N{RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK}))
+ "Alist of rules for consonant letters in Mohawk input methods.
+Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
+
+(quail-define-package
+ "mohawk-postfix" "Mohawk" "MOH<" nil
+ "Mohawk (Kanien’kéha) input method with postfix modifiers
+
+Stress diacritics:
+
+| Key | Description | Example |
+|------+--------------+---------|
+| \\=' | Acute accent | a' -> á |
+| \\=` | Grave accent | a` -> à |
+
+Doubling any of these postfixes separates the letter and the postfix.
+
+Vowels:
+
+a, e, i, and o are bound to a single key.
+
+Consonants:
+
+| Key | Translation | Description |
+|-----+-------------+--------------|
+| ;; | \\=’ | Glottal stop |
+
+h, k, n, r, s, t, w, and y are bound to a single key.
+
+b, m, and p are used rarely in ideophones and loan words. They are also
+each bound to a single key.
+
+All Haudenosaunee languages, including Mohawk, can be input
+simultaneously using the input method `haudenosaunee-postfix'."
+ nil t nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil t)
+
+(pcase-dolist (`(,key ,trans)
+ (append iroquoian-mohawk-modifier-alist
+ iroquoian-mohawk-consonant-alist
+ iroquoian-mohawk-vowel-alist))
+ (quail-defrule key trans))
+
+\f
+;;; Oneida
+
+;;
+;; There are slight variations in the orthographies used today to write
+;; Oneida. The differences mainly involve in representation of vowel
+;; length and glottal stops.
+;;
+;; Reference work for Oneida orthography:
+;;
+;; Michelson, K., Doxtator, M. and Doxtator, M.A.. 2002.
+;; Oneida-English/English-Oneida dictionary. Toronto: University of
+;; Toronto Press.
+;;
+;; Orthographic variation from personal familiarity with community
+;; language programs and curricula.
+;;
+
+(defconst iroquoian-oneida-modifier-alist
+ '(("::" ?\N{MIDDLE DOT}))
+ "Alist of rules for modifier letters in Oneida input methods.
+Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
+
+(defconst iroquoian-oneida-vowel-alist
+ '(("a'" ?á)
+ ("A'" ?Á)
+ ("e'" ?é)
+ ("E'" ?É)
+ ("i'" ?í)
+ ("I'" ?Í)
+ ("o'" ?ó)
+ ("O'" ?Ó)
+ ("u'" ?ú)
+ ("U'" ?Ú)
+ ("e/" ?ʌ)
+ ("e/'" ["ʌ́"])
+ ("E/" ?Ʌ)
+ ("E/'" ["Ʌ́"])
+
+ ("a''" ["a'"])
+ ("A''" ["A'"])
+ ("e''" ["e'"])
+ ("E''" ["E'"])
+ ("i''" ["i'"])
+ ("I''" ["I'"])
+ ("o''" ["o'"])
+ ("O''" ["O'"])
+ ("u''" ["u'"])
+ ("U''" ["U'"])
+ ("e//" ["e/"])
+ ("e/''" ["ʌ'"])
+ ("E//" ["E/"])
+ ("E/''" ["Ʌ'"]))
+ "Alist of rules for vowel letters in Oneida input methods.
+Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
+
+(defconst iroquoian-oneida-consonant-alist
+ '((";;" ?\N{MODIFIER LETTER GLOTTAL STOP})
+ (";'" ?\N{RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK}))
+ "Alist of rules for consonant letters in Oneida input methods.
+Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
+
+(defconst iroquoian-oneida-devoicing-alist
+ '(("_" ?\N{COMBINING LOW LINE})
+ ("__" ?_))
+ "Alist of rules for devoicing characters in Oneida input methods.
+Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
+
+(quail-define-package
+ "oneida-postfix" "Oneida" "ONE<" nil
+ "Oneida (Onʌyota:ká:) input method with postfix modifiers
+
+Modifiers:
+
+| Key | Translation | Description |
+|-----+-------------+--------------------------|
+| :: | · | Vowel length |
+
+Stress diacritics:
+
+| Key | Description | Example |
+|------+--------------+---------|
+| \\=' | Acute accent | a' -> á |
+
+Doubling the postfix separates the letter and the postfix.
+
+Vowels:
+
+| Key | Translation | Description |
+|-----+-------------+-----------------------------------|
+| e/ | ʌ | Mid central nasal vowel |
+| E/ | Ʌ | Mid central nasal vowel (capital) |
+
+a, e, i, o, and u are bound to a single key.
+
+Consonants:
+
+| Key | Translation | Description |
+|-----+-------------+--------------------------|
+| ;; | ˀ | Glottal stop |
+| ;\\=' | \\=’ | Glottal stop (alternate) |
+
+h, k, l, n, s, t, w, and y are bound to a single key.
+
+Devoicing:
+
+| Key | Description | Example |
+|-----+--------------------+----------|
+| _ | Combining low line | a_ -> a̲ |
+
+Note: Not all fonts can properly display a combining low line on all
+letters.
+
+Underlining is commonly used in Oneida to indicate devoiced syllables on
+pre-pausal forms (also called utterance-final forms). Alternatively,
+markup or other methods can be used to create an underlining effect.
+
+To enter a plain underscore, type the underscore twice.
+
+All Haudenosaunee languages, including Oneida, can be input
+simultaneously using the input method `haudenosaunee-postfix'."
+ nil t nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil t)
+
+(pcase-dolist (`(,key ,trans)
+ (append iroquoian-oneida-modifier-alist
+ iroquoian-oneida-consonant-alist
+ iroquoian-oneida-vowel-alist
+ iroquoian-oneida-devoicing-alist))
+ (quail-defrule key trans))
+
+\f
+;;; Onondaga
+
+;;
+;; There are three main orthographies for Onondaga in contemporary use:
+;; the community orthography used at Six Nations of the Grand River, the
+;; community orthography used at Onondaga Nation in New York, and the
+;; orthography used by Hanni Woodbury in her 2003 dictionary (see
+;; below). The latter is included because of its adoption in academia
+;; and also by some contemporary second-language learners.
+;; Additionally, Woodbury's dictionary provides a helpful description of
+;; the community orthographies that is still applicable today.
+;;
+;; The differences between the orthographies are small, involving
+;; representation of nasal vowels (ęand ǫat Six Nations of the Grand
+;; River, eñ and oñ at Onondaga in New York, and ęand ųfollowing
+;; Woodbury's dictionary), the low front rounded vowel (äat Six Nations
+;; and Onondaga Nation and æ following Woodbury), vowel length (:
+;; [colon] after a vowel in community orthographies and · [middle dot]
+;; following Woodbury), and glottal stops (’ [right single quotation
+;; mark] in community orthographies and ʔ [latin letter glottal stop]
+;; following Woodbury). The input method here aims to accommodate all
+;; three of these orthographies.
+;;
+;; Reference work for Onondaga orthography:
+;;
+;; Hanni Woodbury. 2003. Onondaga-English/English-Onondaga
+;; Dictionary. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
+;;
+
+(defconst iroquoian-onondaga-modifier-alist
+ '(("::" ?\N{MIDDLE DOT}))
+ "Alist of rules for modifier letters in Onondaga input methods.
+Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
+
+(defconst iroquoian-onondaga-vowel-alist
+ '(("a'" ?á)
+ ("A'" ?Á)
+ ("e'" ?é)
+ ("E'" ?É)
+ ("i'" ?í)
+ ("I'" ?Í)
+ ("o'" ?ó)
+ ("O'" ?Ó)
+ ("e," ?ę)
+ ("e,'" ["ę́"])
+ ("E," ?Ę)
+ ("E,'" ["Ę́"])
+ ("o," ?ǫ)
+ ("o,'" ["ǫ́"])
+ ("O," ?Ǫ)
+ ("O,'" ["Ǫ́"])
+ ("a\"" ?ä)
+ ("a\"'" ["ä́"])
+ ("A\"" ?Ä)
+ ("A\"'" ["Ä́"])
+ ;; From Woodbury (2003) orthography:
+ ("a/" ?æ)
+ ("a/'" ["ǽ"])
+ ("A/" ?Æ)
+ ("A/'" ["Ǽ"])
+ ("u," ?ų)
+ ("u,'" ["ų́"])
+ ("U," ?Ų)
+ ("U,'" ["Ų́"])
+
+ ("a''" ["a'"])
+ ("A''" ["A'"])
+ ("e''" ["e'"])
+ ("E''" ["E'"])
+ ("i''" ["i'"])
+ ("I''" ["I'"])
+ ("o''" ["o'"])
+ ("O''" ["O'"])
+ ("e,," ["e,"])
+ ("e,''" ["ę'"])
+ ("E,," ["E,"])
+ ("E,''" ["Ę'"])
+ ("o,," ["o,"])
+ ("o,''" ["ǫ'"])
+ ("O,," ["O,"])
+ ("O,''" ["Ǫ'"])
+ ("a\"\"" ["a\""])
+ ("a\"''" ["ä'"])
+ ("A\"\"" ["A\""])
+ ("A\"''" ["Ä'"])
+ ("a//" ["a/"])
+ ("a/''" ["æ'"])
+ ("A//" ["A/"])
+ ("A/''" ["Æ'"])
+ ("u,," ["u,"])
+ ("u,''" ["ų'"])
+ ("U,," ["U,"])
+ ("U,''" ["Ų'"]))
+ "Alist of rules for vowel letters in Onondaga input methods.
+Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
+
+(defconst iroquoian-onondaga-consonant-alist
+ '((";;" ?\N{RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK})
+ (";:" ?\N{LATIN LETTER GLOTTAL STOP}))
+ "Alist of rules for consonant letters in Onondaga input methods.
+Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
+
+(defconst iroquoian-onondaga-nasal-alist
+ '(("n-" ?ñ)
+ ("n--" ["n-"])
+ ("N-" ?Ñ)
+ ("N--" ["N-"]))
+ "Alist of rules for nasal modifier letters in Onondaga input methods.
+Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
+
+(quail-define-package
+ "onondaga-postfix" "Onondaga" "ONO<" nil
+ "Onondaga (Onųdaʔgegáʔ) input method with postfix modifiers
+
+Modifiers:
+
+| Key | Translation | Description |
+|-----+-------------+--------------------------|
+| :: | · | Vowel length (alternate) |
+
+Stress diacritics:
+
+| Key | Description | Example |
+|------+--------------+---------|
+| \\=' | Acute accent | a' -> á |
+
+Doubling the postfix separates the letter and the postfix.
+
+Vowels:
+
+| Key | Translation | Description |
+|-----+-------------+---------------------------------------|
+| Six Nations of the Grand River orthography |
+|-----------------------------------------------------------|
+| e, | ę | Mid front nasal vowel |
+| E, | Ę | Mid front nasal vowel (capital) |
+| o, | ǫ | Back high nasal vowel |
+| O, | Ǫ | Back high nasal vowel (capital) |
+| a\" | ä | Low front rounded vowel |
+| A\" | Ä | Low front rounded vowel (capital) |
+|-----------------------------------------------------------|
+| Onondaga Nation, New York orthography |
+|-----------------------------------------------------------|
+| en- | eñ | Mid front nasal vowel |
+| EN- | EÑ | Mid front nasal vowel (capital) |
+| on- | oñ | Back high nasal vowel |
+| ON- | OÑ | Back high nasal vowel (capital) |
+| a\" | ä | Low front rounded vowel |
+| A\" | Ä | Low front rounded vowel (capital) |
+|-----------------------------------------------------------|
+| Dictionary orthography (Hanni Woodbury, 2003) |
+|-----------------------------------------------------------|
+| e, | ę | Mid front nasal vowel |
+| E, | Ę | Mid front nasal vowel (capital) |
+| u, | ų | Back high nasal vowel |
+| U, | Ų | Back high nasal vowel (capital) |
+| a/ | æ | Low front rounded vowel |
+| A/ | Æ | Low front rounded vowel (capital) |
+
+a, e, i, and o are bound to a single key.
+
+Consonants:
+
+| Key | Translation | Description |
+|-----+-------------+--------------------------|
+| ;; | \\=’ | Glottal stop |
+| ;: | ʔ | Glottal stop (alternate) |
+
+c, d, g, h, j, k, n, s, t, w, and y are bound to a single key.
+
+All Haudenosaunee languages, including Onondaga, can be input
+simultaneously using the input method `haudenosaunee-postfix'."
+ nil t nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil t)
+
+(pcase-dolist (`(,key ,trans)
+ (append iroquoian-onondaga-modifier-alist
+ iroquoian-onondaga-consonant-alist
+ iroquoian-onondaga-nasal-alist
+ iroquoian-onondaga-vowel-alist))
+ (quail-defrule key trans))
+
+\f
+;;; Cayuga
+
+;;
+;; The primary community orthography used for the Cayuga language is
+;; called the Henry orthography, after important language revitalist
+;; Reginald Henry. There are slight variations, particularly in which
+;; letter is used to represent the glottal stop. While the most common
+;; seems to be <ˀ> [modifier letter glottal stop], this input method
+;; provides mappings for other glottal stop letters in common use.
+;; Other common orthographies should be covered by this input method as
+;; well.
+;;
+;; Reference work for Cayuga orthography:
+;;
+;; Carrie Dyck, Frances Froman, Alfred Keye & Lottie Keye. 2024. A
+;; grammar and dictionary of Gayogo̱hó:nǫˀ (Cayuga) (Estudios de
+;; Lingüística Amerindia 1). Berlin: Language Science Press.
+;;
+
+(defconst iroquoian-cayuga-modifier-alist nil
+ "Alist of rules for modifier letters in Cayuga input methods.
+Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
+
+(defconst iroquoian-cayuga-vowel-alist
+ '(("a'" ?á)
+ ("a-" ["a̱"])
+ ("A'" ?Á)
+ ("A-" ["A̱"])
+ ("e'" ?é)
+ ("e-" ["e̱"])
+ ("E'" ?É)
+ ("E-" ["E̱"])
+ ("i'" ?í)
+ ("i-" ["i̱"])
+ ("I'" ?Í)
+ ("I-" ["I̱"])
+ ("o'" ?ó)
+ ("o-" ["o̱"])
+ ("O'" ?Ó)
+ ("O-" ["O̱"])
+ ("u'" ?ú)
+ ("u-" ["u̱"])
+ ("U'" ?Ú)
+ ("U-" ["U̱"])
+ ("e," ?ę)
+ ("e,'" ["ę́"])
+ ("e,-" ["ę̱"])
+ ("E," ?Ę)
+ ("E,'" ["Ę́"])
+ ("E,-" ["Ę̱"])
+ ("o," ?ǫ)
+ ("o,'" ["ǫ́"])
+ ("o,-" ["ǫ̱"])
+ ("O," ?Ǫ)
+ ("O,'" ["Ǫ́"])
+ ("O,-" ["Ǫ̱"])
+
+ ("a''" ["a'"])
+ ("a--" ["a-"])
+ ("A''" ["A'"])
+ ("A--" ["A-"])
+ ("e''" ["e'"])
+ ("e--" ["e-"])
+ ("E''" ["E'"])
+ ("E--" ["E-"])
+ ("i''" ["i'"])
+ ("i--" ["i-"])
+ ("I''" ["I'"])
+ ("I--" ["I-"])
+ ("o''" ["o'"])
+ ("o--" ["o-"])
+ ("O''" ["O'"])
+ ("O--" ["O-"])
+ ("u''" ["u'"])
+ ("u--" ["u-"])
+ ("U''" ["U'"])
+ ("U--" ["U-"])
+ ("e,," ["e,"])
+ ("e,''" ["ę'"])
+ ("e,--" ["ę-"])
+ ("E,," ["E,"])
+ ("E,''" ["Ę'"])
+ ("E,--" ["Ę-"])
+ ("o,," ["o,"])
+ ("o,''" ["ǫ'"])
+ ("o,--" ["ǫ-"])
+ ("O,," ["O,"])
+ ("O,''" ["Ǫ'"])
+ ("O,--" ["Ǫ-"]))
+ "Alist of rules for vowel letters in Cayuga input methods.
+Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
+
+(defconst iroquoian-cayuga-consonant-alist
+ '((";;" ?\N{MODIFIER LETTER GLOTTAL STOP})
+ (";'" ?\N{RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK}))
+ "Alist of rules for consonant letters in Cayuga input methods.
+Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
+
+(quail-define-package
+ "cayuga-postfix" "Cayuga" "CAY<" nil
+ "Cayuga (Gayogo̱ho:nǫhnéha:ˀ) input method with postfix modifiers
+
+Stress diacritics:
+
+| Key | Description | Example |
+|------+--------------+---------|
+| \\=' | Acute accent | a' -> á |
+
+Doubling the postfix separates the letter and the postfix.
+
+Vowels:
+
+| Key | Translation | Description |
+|-----+-------------+---------------------------------|
+| e, | ę | Mid front nasal vowel |
+| E, | Ę | Mid front nasal vowel (capital) |
+| o, | ǫ | Mid back nasal vowel |
+| O, | Ǫ | Mid back nasal vowel (capital) |
+
+a, e, i, o, and u are bound to a single key.
+
+Consonants:
+
+| Key | Translation | Description |
+|-------+-------------+--------------------------|
+| ;; | ˀ | Glottal stop |
+| ;\\=' | \\=’ | Glottal stop (alternate) |
+
+d, g, h, j, k, n, r, s, t, w, y, and f are bound to a single key.
+
+Devoicing:
+
+| Key | Description | Example |
+|-----+------------------------+----------|
+| - | Combining macron below | a- -> a̱ |
+
+Note: Not all fonts can properly display a combining macron low on all
+vowels.
+
+To enter a plain hyphen after a vowel, simply type the hyphen twice.
+
+All Haudenosaunee languages, including Cayuga, can be input
+simultaneously using the input method `haudenosaunee-postfix'."
+ nil t nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil t)
+
+(pcase-dolist (`(,key ,trans)
+ (append iroquoian-cayuga-modifier-alist
+ iroquoian-cayuga-consonant-alist
+ iroquoian-cayuga-vowel-alist))
+ (quail-defrule key trans))
+
+\f
+;;; Seneca
+
+;;
+;; The orthography for the Seneca language is fairly stable with only
+;; minor variations, for example, <sy> vs. <š> (currently preferred in
+;; community orthography) for the voiceless postalveolar fricative.
+;;
+;; In the common community orthography, I'm told that acute and grave
+;; accents occur rarely and only on nasal vowels (personal
+;; communication). However, in works by Wallace Chafe, stress is
+;; indicated on non-nasal vowels, as well. The maximal set of letters
+;; with accent diacritics is included for the input method, even though
+;; many of them apparently don't occur in community orthographies.
+;;
+;; Reference works for Seneca orthography:
+;;
+;; Phyllis E. Wms. Bardeau. 2002. Onondowa'ga:' Gawe:no': New Reference
+;; Edition. Salamanca, NY: The Seneca Nation of Indians Allegany
+;; Education Department.
+;;
+;; Wallace Chafe. 2015. A Grammar of the Seneca Language. Oakland, CA:
+;; University of California Press.
+;;
+
+(defconst iroquoian-seneca-modifier-alist nil
+ "Alist of rules for modifier letters in Seneca input methods.
+Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
+
+(defconst iroquoian-seneca-vowel-alist
+ '(("a'" ?á)
+ ("a`" ?à)
+ ("A'" ?Á)
+ ("A`" ?À)
+ ("e'" ?é)
+ ("e`" ?è)
+ ("E'" ?É)
+ ("E`" ?È)
+ ("i'" ?í)
+ ("i`" ?ì)
+ ("I'" ?Í)
+ ("I`" ?Ì)
+ ("o'" ?ó)
+ ("o`" ?ò)
+ ("O'" ?Ó)
+ ("O`" ?Ò)
+ ("a\"" ?ä)
+ ("a\"'" ["ä́"])
+ ("a\"`" ["ä̀"])
+ ("A\"" ?Ä)
+ ("A\"'" ["Ä́"])
+ ("A\"`" ["Ä̀"])
+ ("e\"" ?ë)
+ ("e\"'" ["ë́"])
+ ("e\"`" ["ë̀"])
+ ("E\"" ?Ë)
+ ("E\"'" ["Ë́"])
+ ("E\"`" ["Ë̀"])
+ ("o\"" ?ö)
+ ("o\"'" ["ö́"])
+ ("o\"`" ["ö̀"])
+ ("O\"" ?Ö)
+ ("O\"'" ["Ö́"])
+ ("O\"`" ["Ö̀"])
+ ;; Rare (e.g., niwú’u:h 'it is tiny' [Chafe 2015]):
+ ("u'" ?ú)
+ ("u`" ?ù)
+ ("U'" ?Ú)
+ ("U`" ?Ù)
+
+ ("a''" ["a'"])
+ ("a``" ["a`"])
+ ("A''" ["A'"])
+ ("A``" ["A`"])
+ ("e''" ["e'"])
+ ("e``" ["e`"])
+ ("E''" ["E'"])
+ ("E``" ["E`"])
+ ("i''" ["i'"])
+ ("i``" ["i`"])
+ ("I''" ["I'"])
+ ("I``" ["I`"])
+ ("o''" ["o'"])
+ ("o``" ["o`"])
+ ("O''" ["O'"])
+ ("O``" ["O`"])
+ ("a\"\"" ["a\""])
+ ("a\"''" ["ä'"])
+ ("a\"``" ["ä`"])
+ ("A\"\"" ["A\""])
+ ("A\"''" ["Ä'"])
+ ("A\"``" ["Ä`"])
+ ("e\"\"" ["e\""])
+ ("e\"''" ["ë'"])
+ ("e\"``" ["ë`"])
+ ("E\"\"" ["E\""])
+ ("E\"''" ["Ë'"])
+ ("E\"``" ["Ë`"])
+ ("o\"\"" ["o\""])
+ ("o\"''" ["ö'"])
+ ("o\"``" ["ö`"])
+ ("O\"\"" ["O\""])
+ ("O\"''" ["Ö'"])
+ ("O\"``" ["Ö`"])
+ ("u''" ["u'"])
+ ("u``" ["u`"])
+ ("U''" ["U'"])
+ ("U``" ["U`"]))
+ "Alist of rules for vowel letters in Seneca input methods.
+Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
+
+(defconst iroquoian-seneca-consonant-alist
+ '((";;" ?\N{RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK})
+ ("s/" ?š)
+ ("s//" ["s/"])
+ ("S/" ?Š)
+ ("S//" ["S/"]))
+ "Alist of rules for consonant letters in Seneca input methods.
+Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
+
+(quail-define-package
+ "seneca-postfix" "Seneca" "SEE<" nil
+ "Seneca (Onödowá’ga:’) input method with postfix modifiers
+
+Stress diacritics:
+
+| Key | Description | Example |
+|------+--------------+---------|
+| \\=' | Acute accent | a' -> á|
+| \\=` | Grave accent | a` -> à|
+
+Doubling any of these postfixes separates the letter and the postfix.
+
+Vowels:
+
+| Key | Translation | Description |
+|-----+-------------+------------------------------------|
+| e\" | ë | Mid front nasal vowel |
+| E\" | Ë | Mid front nasal vowel (capital) |
+| o\" | ö | Low-mid back nasal vowel |
+| O\" | Ö | Low-mid back nasal vowel (capital) |
+| a\" | ä | Low front vowel |
+| A\" | Ä | Low front vowel (capital) |
+
+a, e, i, o, and u are bound to a single key.
+
+Consonants:
+
+| Key | Translation | Description |
+|-------+-------------+--------------------------------------------|
+| ;; | \\=’ | Glottal stop |
+| s/ | š | Voiceless postalveolar fricative |
+| S/ | Š | Voiceless postalveolar fricative (capital) |
+
+d, g, h, j, k, n, s, t, w, y, and z are bound to a single key.
+
+b, m, and p are used rarely in ideophones and nicknames. They are also
+each bound to a single key.
+
+All Haudenosaunee languages, including Seneca, can be input
+simultaneously using the input method `haudenosaunee-postfix'."
+ nil t nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil t)
+
+(pcase-dolist (`(,key ,trans)
+ (append iroquoian-seneca-modifier-alist
+ iroquoian-seneca-consonant-alist
+ iroquoian-seneca-vowel-alist))
+ (quail-defrule key trans))
+
+\f
+;;; Haudenosaunee (composite Northern Iroquoian)
+
+;;
+;; This input method represents a composite input method for all of the
+;; Northern Iroquoian languages included above.
+;;
+;; Although the "Iroquoian languages" is a standard term employed by
+;; linguists and scholars, some believe the term "Iroquois" to be of
+;; derogatory origin (see Dyck 2024). Hence, some prefer to refer to
+;; what are collectively termed by linguists the "Five Nations Iroquois"
+;; languages (Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca) by the autonym
+;; "Haudenosaunee" (e.g., "Haudenosaunee languages").
+;;
+;; However, it should be noted that the term "Haudenosaunee" is itself
+;; an Anglicized form, probably from Seneca Hodínöhsö:ni:h 'they make
+;; houses' or Hodínöhšo:ni:h 'People of the Long House'. Speakers of
+;; Cayuga may prefer the word Hodinǫhsǫ:nih, and speakers of Mohawk may
+;; prefer Rotinonhsón:ni or Rotinonhsíón:ni. These terms themselves
+;; collectively relate to the confederacy of Indigenous nations that has
+;; existed in what is now known as New York State in Northeastern North
+;; America for many centuries, the founding of which is retold in oral
+;; tradition in the story of The Peacemaker.
+;;
+;; It should also be noted that while Tuscarora and Wendat languages are
+;; both sometimes included under the "Haudenosaunee languages" umbrella
+;; (and by implication, those groups as a part of the Haudenosaunee
+;; Confederacy), the exact extent of what defines "Haudenosaunee" has
+;; occasionally caused controversy.
+;;
+;; Additionally, some prefer to collectively refer to the "Haudenosaunee
+;; languages" using the terms Onkwehonwehnéha (Mohawk), Ukwehuwehnéha
+;; (Oneida), Ǫgwehǫwekhá’ (Onondaga), Ǫgwehǫwéhneha:ˀ (Cayuga), and
+;; Ögwé’öwe:ka:’ (Seneca), which all mean 'in the manner of the Original
+;; People'.
+;;
+;; Bearing all of this in mind, I have opted to retain the term
+;; "Iroquoian" in the name of this file (`iroquoian.el') (and hence, in
+;; the symbol names in its namespace), while using "Haudenosaunee" in
+;; the name of the input method that encompasses all of the languages so
+;; far implemented: "haudenosaunee-postfix" --- this is the name shown
+;; as a completion candidate after users enter M-x set-input-method RET.
+;; Note that those searching for input methods for the individual
+;; languages should have no problem finding them knowing only their
+;; Anglicized names (e.g., Mohawk, Oneida, etc.), as these have been
+;; retained in the names of the corresponding input methods.
+;;
+;; Above all, I hope that these decisions help those who wish to speak,
+;; read, and write Onkwehonwehnéha.
+;;
+;; Iorihowá:nen ne aiónhnheke’ ne raotiwén:na’!
+;; It is important that the language continues to live!
+;;
+
+(defconst iroquoian-haudenosaunee-modifier-alist
+ (seq-uniq (append iroquoian-mohawk-modifier-alist
+ iroquoian-oneida-modifier-alist
+ iroquoian-onondaga-modifier-alist
+ iroquoian-cayuga-modifier-alist
+ iroquoian-seneca-modifier-alist))
+ "Alist of rules for modifier letters in Haudenosaunee input methods.
+Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
+
+(defconst iroquoian-haudenosaunee-vowel-alist
+ (seq-uniq (append iroquoian-mohawk-vowel-alist
+ iroquoian-oneida-vowel-alist
+ iroquoian-onondaga-vowel-alist
+ iroquoian-cayuga-vowel-alist
+ iroquoian-seneca-vowel-alist))
+ "Alist of rules for vowel letters in Haudenosaunee input methods.
+Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
+
+(defconst iroquoian-haudenosaunee-consonant-alist
+ (seq-uniq (append
+ '((";;" ?\N{RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK})
+ (";'" ?\N{MODIFIER LETTER GLOTTAL STOP})
+ (";:" ?\N{LATIN LETTER GLOTTAL STOP}))
+ iroquoian-mohawk-consonant-alist
+ iroquoian-oneida-consonant-alist
+ iroquoian-onondaga-consonant-alist
+ iroquoian-cayuga-consonant-alist
+ iroquoian-seneca-consonant-alist)
+ (lambda (c1 c2)
+ (equal (car c1) (car c2))))
+ "Alist of rules for consonant letters in Haudenosaunee input methods.
+Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
+
+(defconst iroquoian-haudenosaunee-devoicing-alist
+ '(("_" ?\N{COMBINING LOW LINE})
+ ("__" ?_))
+ "Alist of rules for devoicing characters in Haudenosaunee input methods.
+Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
+
+(defconst iroquoian-haudenosaunee-nasal-alist iroquoian-onondaga-nasal-alist
+ "Alist of rules for nasal modifier letters in Haudenosaunee input methods.
+Entries are as with rules in `quail-define-rules'.")
+
+(quail-define-package
+ "haudenosaunee-postfix" "Haudenosaunee" "HOD<" nil
+ "Composite input method for Haudenosaunee (Northern Iroquoian) languages
+
+This input method can be used to enter the following languages:
+
+- Mohawk (Kanien’kéha / Onkwehonwehnéha)
+- Oneida (Onʌyota:ká: / Ukwehuwehnéha)
+- Cayuga (Gayogo̱ho:nǫhnéha:ˀ)
+- Onondaga (Onųdaʔgegáʔ)
+- Seneca (Onödowá’ga:’)
+
+Modifiers:
+
+| Key | Translation | Description |
+|-----+-------------+--------------------------|
+| :: | · | Vowel length (alternate) |
+
+Stress diacritics:
+
+| Key | Description | Example |
+|------+--------------+---------|
+| \\=' | Acute accent | a' -> á |
+| \\=` | Grave accent | a` -> à |
+
+Doubling any of these postfixes separates the letter and the postfix.
+
+Vowels:
+
+| Key | Translation | Description |
+|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Mohawk |
+| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| Single-key vowels: a e i o |
+|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Oneida |
+| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| e/ | ʌ | Mid central nasal vowel |
+| E/ | Ʌ | Mid central nasal vowel (capital) |
+| Single-key vowels: a e i o u |
+|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Onondaga |
+| (Six Nations of the Grand River) |
+| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| e, | ę | Mid front nasal vowel |
+| E, | Ę | Mid front nasal vowel (capital) |
+| o, | ǫ | Back high nasal vowel |
+| O, | Ǫ | Back high nasal vowel (capital) |
+| a\" | ä | Low front rounded vowel |
+| A\" | Ä | Low front rounded vowel (capital) |
+| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| (Onondaga Nation, New York) |
+| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| en~ | eñ | Mid front nasal vowel |
+| EN~ | EÑ | Mid front nasal vowel (capital) |
+| on~ | oñ | Back high nasal vowel |
+| ON~ | OÑ | Back high nasal vowel (capital) |
+| a\" | ä | Low front rounded vowel |
+| A\" | Ä | Low front rounded vowel (capital) |
+| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| (Hanni Woodbury, 2003) |
+| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| e, | ę | Mid front nasal vowel |
+| E, | Ę | Mid front nasal vowel (capital) |
+| u, | ų | Back high nasal vowel |
+| U, | Ų | Back high nasal vowel (capital) |
+| a/ | æ | Low front rounded vowel |
+| A/ | Æ | Low front rounded vowel (capital) |
+| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| (all) |
+| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| Single-key vowels: a e i o |
+|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Cayuga |
+| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| e, | ę | Mid front nasal vowel |
+| E, | Ę | Mid front nasal vowel (capital) |
+| o, | ǫ | Mid back nasal vowel |
+| O, | Ǫ | Mid back nasal vowel (capital) |
+| Single-key vowels: a e i o u |
+|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Seneca |
+| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| e\" | ë | Mid front nasal vowel |
+| E\" | Ë | Mid front nasal vowel (capital) |
+| o\" | ö | Low-mid back nasal vowel |
+| O\" | Ö | Low-mid back nasal vowel (capital) |
+| a\" | ä | Low front vowel |
+| A\" | Ä | Low front vowel (capital) |
+| Single-key vowels: a e i o u |
+
+Consonants:
+
+| Key | Translation | Description |
+|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Mohawk |
+| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| ;; | \\=’ | Glottal stop |
+| Single-key consonants: h k n r s t w y (b m p) |
+|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Oneida |
+| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| ;\\=' | ˀ | Glottal stop |
+| ;; | \\=’ | Glottal stop (alternate) |
+| Single-key consonants: h k l n s t w y |
+|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Onondaga |
+| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| ;; | \\=’ | Glottal stop |
+| ;: | ʔ | Glottal stop (alternate) |
+| Single-key consonants: c d g h j k n s t w y |
+|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Cayuga |
+| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| ;\\=' | ˀ | Glottal stop |
+| ;; | \\=’ | Glottal stop (alternate) |
+| Single-key consonants: d g h j k n r s t w y (f) |
+|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Seneca |
+| -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| ;; | \\=’ | Glottal stop |
+| s/ | š | Voiceless postalveolar fricative |
+| S/ | Š | Voiceless postalveolar fricative (capital) |
+| Single-key consonants: d g h j k n s t w y z (b m p) |
+
+Devoicing:
+
+| Key | Description | Examples |
+|-----+------------------------+------------------------------|
+| _ | Combining low line | a_ -> a̲, · -> ·̲ |
+| - | Combining macron below | a- -> a̱(after vowels only) |
+
+Note: Not all fonts can properly display a combining low line on all
+letters and a combining macron below on all vowels.
+
+Underlining is commonly used in Oneida to indicate devoiced syllables on
+pre-pausal forms (also called utterance-final forms). Alternatively,
+markup or other methods can be used to create an underlining effect.
+
+To enter a plain underscore, the underscore twice.
+
+Macron below is commonly used in Cayuga to indicate devoiced vowels.
+
+To enter a plain hyphen after a vowel, simply type the hyphen twice.
+
+There are individual input methods for each of the languages that can be
+entered with this input method: `mohawk-postfix', `oneida-postfix',
+`onondaga-postfix', `cayuga-postfix', `seneca-postfix'."
+ nil t nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil t)
+
+(pcase-dolist (`(,key ,trans)
+ (append iroquoian-haudenosaunee-modifier-alist
+ iroquoian-haudenosaunee-consonant-alist
+ iroquoian-haudenosaunee-nasal-alist
+ iroquoian-haudenosaunee-vowel-alist
+ iroquoian-haudenosaunee-devoicing-alist))
+ (quail-defrule key trans))
+
+(provide 'iroquoian)
+;;; iroquoian.el ends here
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