Moving data to and from regular editing buffers.
@item
-``Embedded mode'' for manipulating Calc formulas and data directly
+Embedded mode for manipulating Calc formulas and data directly
inside any editing buffer.
@item
@noindent
Calc has several user interfaces that are specialized for
different kinds of tasks. As well as Calc's standard interface,
-there are Quick Mode, Keypad Mode, and Embedded Mode.
+there are Quick mode, Keypad mode, and Embedded mode.
@menu
* Starting Calc::
want to use.
To get Calc's standard interface, type @kbd{M-# c}. To get
-Keypad Mode, type @kbd{M-# k}. Type @kbd{M-# ?} to get a brief
+Keypad mode, type @kbd{M-# k}. Type @kbd{M-# ?} to get a brief
list of the available options, and type a second @kbd{?} to get
a complete list.
If @kbd{M-#} doesn't work for you, you can always type explicit
commands like @kbd{M-x calc} (for the standard user interface) or
-@w{@kbd{M-x calc-keypad}} (for Keypad Mode). First type @kbd{M-x}
+@w{@kbd{M-x calc-keypad}} (for Keypad mode). First type @kbd{M-x}
(that's Meta with the letter @kbd{x}), then, at the prompt,
type the full command (like @kbd{calc-keypad}) and press Return.
@subsection Quick Mode (Overview)
@noindent
-@dfn{Quick Mode} is a quick way to use Calc when you don't need the
+@dfn{Quick mode} is a quick way to use Calc when you don't need the
full complexity of the stack and trail. To use it, type @kbd{M-# q}
(@code{quick-calc}) in any regular editing buffer.
-Quick Mode is very simple: It prompts you to type any formula in
+Quick mode is very simple: It prompts you to type any formula in
standard algebraic notation (like @samp{4 - 2/3}) and then displays
the result at the bottom of the Emacs screen (@mathit{3.33333333333}
in this case). You are then back in the same editing buffer you
will also be in the Emacs ``kill ring'' so that a @kbd{C-y} command
at this point will yank the result into your editing buffer.
-Calc mode settings affect Quick Mode, too, though you will have to
+Calc mode settings affect Quick mode, too, though you will have to
go into regular Calc (with @kbd{M-# c}) to change the mode settings.
@c [fix-ref Quick Calculator mode]
@subsection Keypad Mode (Overview)
@noindent
-@dfn{Keypad Mode} is a mouse-based interface to the Calculator.
+@dfn{Keypad mode} is a mouse-based interface to the Calculator.
It is designed for use with terminals that support a mouse. If you
-don't have a mouse, you will have to operate keypad mode with your
+don't have a mouse, you will have to operate Keypad mode with your
arrow keys (which is probably more trouble than it's worth).
-Type @kbd{M-# k} to turn Keypad Mode on or off. Once again you
+Type @kbd{M-# k} to turn Keypad mode on or off. Once again you
get two new windows, this time on the righthand side of the screen
instead of at the bottom. The upper window is the familiar Calc
Stack; the lower window is a picture of a typical calculator keypad.
|-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
@end smallexample
-Keypad Mode is much easier for beginners to learn, because there
+Keypad mode is much easier for beginners to learn, because there
is no need to memorize lots of obscure key sequences. But not all
commands in regular Calc are available on the Keypad. You can
always switch the cursor into the Calc stack window to use
standard Calc commands if you need. Serious Calc users, though,
-often find they prefer the standard interface over Keypad Mode.
+often find they prefer the standard interface over Keypad mode.
To operate the Calculator, just click on the ``buttons'' of the
keypad using your left mouse button. To enter the two numbers
math functions, vector operations, and operations on binary
numbers.
-Because Keypad Mode doesn't use the regular keyboard, Calc leaves
+Because Keypad mode doesn't use the regular keyboard, Calc leaves
the cursor in your original editing buffer. You can type in
this buffer in the usual way while also clicking on the Calculator
-keypad. One advantage of Keypad Mode is that you don't need an
+keypad. One advantage of Keypad mode is that you don't need an
explicit command to switch between editing and calculating.
-If you press @kbd{M-# b} first, you get a full-screen Keypad Mode
+If you press @kbd{M-# b} first, you get a full-screen Keypad mode
(@code{full-calc-keypad}) with three windows: The keypad in the lower
left, the stack in the lower right, and the trail on top.
@subsection Embedded Mode (Overview)
@noindent
-@dfn{Embedded Mode} is a way to use Calc directly from inside an
+@dfn{Embedded mode} is a way to use Calc directly from inside an
editing buffer. Suppose you have a formula written as part of a
document like this:
@noindent
and you wish to have Calc compute and format the derivative for
you and store this derivative in the buffer automatically. To
-do this with Embedded Mode, first copy the formula down to where
+do this with Embedded mode, first copy the formula down to where
you want the result to be:
@smallexample
@end smallexample
To make this look nicer, you might want to press @kbd{d =} to center
-the formula, and even @kbd{d B} to use ``big'' display mode.
+the formula, and even @kbd{d B} to use Big display mode.
@smallexample
@group
@end group
@end smallexample
-To leave Embedded Mode, type @kbd{M-# e} again. The mode line
+To leave Embedded mode, type @kbd{M-# e} again. The mode line
and keyboard will revert to the way they were before. (If you have
actually been trying this as you read along, you'll want to press
@kbd{M-# 0} [with the digit zero] now to reset the modes you changed.)
@end smallexample
Place the cursor on the @samp{1}, then type @kbd{M-# w} to enable
-Embedded Mode on that number. Now type @kbd{3 /} (to get one-third),
+Embedded mode on that number. Now type @kbd{3 /} (to get one-third),
and @kbd{I T} (the Inverse Tangent converts a slope into an angle),
then @w{@kbd{M-# w}} again to exit Embedded mode.
Control whether @kbd{M-# c} and @kbd{M-# k} use the full screen.
@item Q
-Use Quick Mode for a single short calculation.
+Use Quick mode for a single short calculation.
@item K
Turn Calc Keypad mode on or off.
@end iftex
@noindent
-Commands for use with Embedded Mode:
+Commands for use with Embedded mode:
@table @kbd
@item A
@c [fix-ref Embedded Mode]
This tutorial describes the standard user interface of Calc only.
-The ``Quick Mode'' and ``Keypad Mode'' interfaces are fairly
+The Quick mode and Keypad mode interfaces are fairly
self-explanatory. @xref{Embedded Mode}, for a description of
-the ``Embedded Mode'' interface.
+the Embedded mode interface.
@ifinfo
The easiest way to read this tutorial on-line is to have two windows on
@noindent
If you are not used to RPN notation, you may prefer to operate the
-Calculator in ``algebraic mode,'' which is closer to the way
-non-RPN calculators work. In algebraic mode, you enter formulas
+Calculator in Algebraic mode, which is closer to the way
+non-RPN calculators work. In Algebraic mode, you enter formulas
in traditional @expr{2+3} notation.
You don't really need any special ``mode'' to enter algebraic formulas.
equivalent to @samp{(2-3)-4} or @mathit{-5}, whereas @samp{2^3^4} is equivalent
to @samp{2^(3^4)} (a very large integer; try it!).
-If you tire of typing the apostrophe all the time, there is an
-``algebraic mode'' you can select in which Calc automatically senses
+If you tire of typing the apostrophe all the time, there is
+Algebraic mode, where Calc automatically senses
when you are about to type an algebraic expression. To enter this
mode, press the two letters @w{@kbd{m a}}. (An @samp{Alg} indicator
should appear in the Calc window's mode line.)
Press @kbd{m a}, then @kbd{2+3+4} with no apostrophe, then @key{RET}.
-In algebraic mode, when you press any key that would normally begin
+In Algebraic mode, when you press any key that would normally begin
entering a number (such as a digit, a decimal point, or the @kbd{_}
key), or if you press @kbd{(} or @kbd{[}, Calc automatically begins
an algebraic entry.
be @expr{0.16227766017}.
Note that if the formula begins with a function name, you need to use
-the apostrophe even if you are in algebraic mode. If you type @kbd{arcsin}
+the apostrophe even if you are in Algebraic mode. If you type @kbd{arcsin}
out of the blue, the @kbd{a r} will be taken as an Algebraic Rewrite
command, and the @kbd{csin} will be taken as the name of the rewrite
rule to use!
form because they find RPN entry with incomplete objects to be too
distracting, even though they otherwise use Calc as an RPN calculator.
-Still in algebraic mode, type:
+Still in Algebraic mode, type:
@smallexample
@group
an apostrophe first, but it also means we need to press @key{RET}
after every entry, even for a simple number like @expr{1}.
-(You can type @kbd{C-u m a} to enable a special ``incomplete algebraic
-mode'' in which the @kbd{(} and @kbd{[} keys use algebraic entry even
+(You can type @kbd{C-u m a} to enable a special Incomplete Algebraic
+mode in which the @kbd{(} and @kbd{[} keys use algebraic entry even
though regular numeric keys still use RPN numeric entry. There is also
-a ``total algebraic mode,'' started by typing @kbd{m t}, in which all
+Total Algebraic mode, started by typing @kbd{m t}, in which all
normal keys begin algebraic entry. You must then use the @key{META} key
-to type Calc commands: @kbd{M-m t} to get back out of total algebraic
+to type Calc commands: @kbd{M-m t} to get back out of Total Algebraic
mode, @kbd{M-q} to quit, etc.)
-If you're still in algebraic mode, press @kbd{m a} again to turn it off.
+If you're still in Algebraic mode, press @kbd{m a} again to turn it off.
Actual non-RPN calculators use a mixture of algebraic and RPN styles.
In general, operators of two numbers (like @kbd{+} and @kbd{*})
@noindent
Calc has many types of @dfn{modes} that affect the way it interprets
your commands or the way it displays data. We have already seen one
-mode, namely algebraic mode. There are many others, too; we'll
+mode, namely Algebraic mode. There are many others, too; we'll
try some of the most common ones here.
Perhaps the most fundamental mode in Calc is the current @dfn{precision}.
@end group
@end smallexample
-Another interesting mode is @dfn{fraction mode}. Normally,
+Another interesting mode is @dfn{Fraction mode}. Normally,
dividing two integers produces a floating-point result if the
quotient can't be expressed as an exact integer. Fraction mode
causes integer division to produce a fraction, i.e., a rational
(Calc uses @kbd{:} instead of @kbd{/} as the fraction separator
because @kbd{/} is already used to divide the top two stack
elements.) Calculations involving fractions will always
-produce exact fractional results; fraction mode only says
+produce exact fractional results; Fraction mode only says
what to do when dividing two integers.
@cindex Fractions vs. floats
Typing @kbd{m f} doesn't change any existing values in the stack.
In the above example, we had to Undo the division and do it over
-again when we changed to fraction mode. But if you use the
+again when we changed to Fraction mode. But if you use the
evaluates-to operator you can get commands like @kbd{m f} to
recompute for you.
@noindent
In this example, the righthand side of the @samp{=>} operator
on the stack is recomputed when we change the precision, then
-again when we change to fraction mode. All @samp{=>} expressions
+again when we change to Fraction mode. All @samp{=>} expressions
on the stack are recomputed every time you change any mode that
might affect their values.
Dividing by zero is normally treated as an error, but you can get
Calc to write an answer in terms of infinity by pressing @kbd{m i}
-to turn on ``infinite mode.''
+to turn on Infinite mode.
@smallexample
@group
@subsection Basic Algebra
@noindent
-If you enter a formula in algebraic mode that refers to variables,
+If you enter a formula in Algebraic mode that refers to variables,
the formula itself is pushed onto the stack. You can manipulate
formulas as regular data objects.
multiple; choose the solution where the leading coefficient is one.)
@xref{Algebra Answer 2, 2}. (@bullet{})
-The @kbd{m s} command enables ``symbolic mode,'' in which formulas
+The @kbd{m s} command enables Symbolic mode, in which formulas
like @samp{sqrt(5)} that can't be evaluated exactly are left in
symbolic form rather than giving a floating-point approximate answer.
Fraction mode (@kbd{m f}) is also useful when doing algebra.
@end group
@end smallexample
-One more mode that makes reading formulas easier is ``Big mode.''
+One more mode that makes reading formulas easier is Big mode.
@smallexample
@group
@noindent
(If you got wildly different results, did you remember to switch
-to radians mode?)
+to Radians mode?)
Here we have divided the curve into ten segments of equal width;
approximating these segments as rectangular boxes (i.e., assuming
another good reason to store your rules in variables rather than
entering them on the fly.
-(@bullet{}) @strong{Exercise 1.} Type @kbd{m s} to get symbolic
+(@bullet{}) @strong{Exercise 1.} Type @kbd{m s} to get Symbolic
mode, then enter the formula @samp{@w{(2 + sqrt(2))} / @w{(1 + sqrt(2))}}.
Using a rewrite rule, simplify this formula by multiplying both
sides by the conjugate @w{@samp{1 - sqrt(2)}}. The result will have
@xref{Rewrites Answer 5, 5}. (@bullet{})
(@bullet{}) @strong{Exercise 6.} Calc considers the form @expr{0^0}
-to be ``indeterminate,'' and leaves it unevaluated (assuming infinite
+to be ``indeterminate,'' and leaves it unevaluated (assuming Infinite
mode is not enabled). Some people prefer to define @expr{0^0 = 1},
so that the identity @expr{x^0 = 1} can safely be used for all @expr{x}.
Find a way to make Calc follow this convention. What happens if you
-now type @kbd{m i} to turn on infinite mode?
+now type @kbd{m i} to turn on Infinite mode?
@xref{Rewrites Answer 6, 6}. (@bullet{})
(@bullet{}) @strong{Exercise 7.} A Taylor series for a function is an
times anything is zero.''
@c [fix-ref Infinities]
-The @kbd{m i} command enables an @dfn{infinite mode} in which @expr{1 / 0}
+The @kbd{m i} command enables an @dfn{Infinite mode} in which @expr{1 / 0}
results in a special symbol that represents ``infinity.'' If you
multiply infinity by zero, Calc uses another special new symbol to
show that the answer is ``indeterminate.'' @xref{Infinities}, for
Here are two solutions: Raise the precision enough that the
floating-point round-off error is strictly to the right of the
-decimal point. Or, convert to fraction mode so that @expr{123456789 / 2}
+decimal point. Or, convert to Fraction mode so that @expr{123456789 / 2}
produces the exact fraction @expr{123456789:2}, which can be rounded
down by the @kbd{F} command without ever switching to floating-point
format.
does a floating-point calculation instead and produces @expr{1.5}.
Calc will find an exact result for a logarithm if the result is an integer
-or the reciprocal of an integer. But there is no efficient way to search
-the space of all possible rational numbers for an exact answer, so Calc
-doesn't try.
+or (when in Fraction mode) the reciprocal of an integer. But there is
+no efficient way to search the space of all possible rational numbers
+for an exact answer, so Calc doesn't try.
@node Vector Answer 1, Vector Answer 2, Arithmetic Answer 2, Answers to Exercises
@subsection Vector Tutorial Exercise 1
@end group
@end smallexample
-This can be made more readable using @kbd{d B} to enable ``big'' display
+This can be made more readable using @kbd{d B} to enable Big display
mode:
@smallexample
@end group
@end smallexample
-Type @kbd{d N} to return to ``normal'' display mode afterwards.
+Type @kbd{d N} to return to Normal display mode afterwards.
@node Matrix Answer 3, List Answer 1, Matrix Answer 2, Answers to Exercises
@subsection Matrix Tutorial Exercise 3
@samp{ln(0) = -inf}. Here we have an infinite answer to a finite
input. As in the @expr{1 / 0} case, Calc will only use infinities
-here if you have turned on ``infinite'' mode. Otherwise, it will
+here if you have turned on Infinite mode. Otherwise, it will
treat @samp{ln(0)} as an error.
@node Types Answer 3, Types Answer 4, Types Answer 2, Answers to Exercises
@w{@samp{1 / [0 .. 10]}}, also (potentially) divides by zero because zero
is now a member of the interval. So Calc leaves this one unevaluated, too.
-If you turn on ``infinite'' mode by pressing @kbd{m i}, you will
+If you turn on Infinite mode by pressing @kbd{m i}, you will
instead get the answer @samp{[0.1 .. inf]}, which includes infinity
as a possible value.
@end group
@end smallexample
-Perhaps more surprisingly, this rule still works with infinite mode
+Perhaps more surprisingly, this rule still works with Infinite mode
turned on. Calc tries @code{EvalRules} before any built-in rules for
a function. This allows you to override the default behavior of any
Calc feature: Even though Calc now wants to evaluate @expr{0^0} to
and @samp{*Calc Trail*}. The former displays the contents of the
Calculator stack and is manipulated exclusively through Calc commands.
It is possible (though not usually necessary) to create several Calc
-Mode buffers each of which has an independent stack, undo list, and
+mode buffers each of which has an independent stack, undo list, and
mode settings. There is exactly one Calc Trail buffer; it records a
list of the results of all calculations that have been done. The
-Calc Trail buffer uses a variant of Calc Mode, so Calculator commands
+Calc Trail buffer uses a variant of Calc mode, so Calculator commands
still work when the trail buffer's window is selected. It is possible
to turn the trail window off, but the @samp{*Calc Trail*} buffer itself
still exists and is updated silently. @xref{Trail Commands}.
In most installations, the @kbd{M-# c} key sequence is a more
convenient way to start the Calculator. Also, @kbd{M-# M-#} and
@kbd{M-# #} are synonyms for @kbd{M-# c} unless you last used Calc
-in its ``keypad'' mode.
+in its Keypad mode.
@kindex x
@kindex M-x
@pindex calc-quit
@cindex Quitting the Calculator
@cindex Exiting the Calculator
-The @kbd{q} key (@code{calc-quit}) exits Calc Mode and closes the
+The @kbd{q} key (@code{calc-quit}) exits Calc mode and closes the
Calculator's window(s). It does not delete the Calculator buffers.
If you type @kbd{M-x calc} again, the Calculator will reappear with the
contents of the stack intact. Typing @kbd{M-# c} or @kbd{M-# M-#}
clear previous results off the stack.
You can press the apostrophe key during normal numeric entry to switch
-the half-entered number into algebraic entry mode. One reason to do this
+the half-entered number into Algebraic entry mode. One reason to do this
would be to use the full Emacs cursor motion and editing keys, which are
available during algebraic entry but not during numeric entry.
@kindex m a
@pindex calc-algebraic-mode
-@cindex Algebraic mode
+@cindex Algebraic Mode
If you prefer algebraic entry, you can use the command @kbd{m a}
(@code{calc-algebraic-mode}) to set Algebraic mode. In this mode,
digits and other keys that would normally start numeric entry instead
@kbd{2 @key{RET} 3 @key{RET} * 4 @key{RET} +} would accomplish the same
thing as @kbd{2*3+4 @key{RET}}.
-@cindex Incomplete algebraic mode
+@cindex Incomplete Algebraic Mode
If you give a numeric prefix argument like @kbd{C-u} to the @kbd{m a}
command, it enables Incomplete Algebraic mode; this is like regular
Algebraic mode except that it applies to the @kbd{(} and @kbd{[} keys
@kindex m t
@pindex calc-total-algebraic-mode
-@cindex Total algebraic mode
+@cindex Total Algebraic Mode
The @kbd{m t} (@code{calc-total-algebraic-mode}) gives you an even
stronger algebraic-entry mode, in which @emph{all} regular letter and
punctuation keys begin algebraic entry. Use this if you prefer typing
@w{@kbd{sqrt( )}} instead of @kbd{Q}, @w{@kbd{factor( )}} instead of
@kbd{a f}, and so on. To type regular Calc commands when you are in
-``total'' algebraic mode, hold down the @key{META} key. Thus @kbd{M-q}
+Total Algebraic mode, hold down the @key{META} key. Thus @kbd{M-q}
is the command to quit Calc, @kbd{M-p} sets the precision, and
-@kbd{M-m t} (or @kbd{M-m M-t}, if you prefer) turns total algebraic
+@kbd{M-m t} (or @kbd{M-m M-t}, if you prefer) turns Total Algebraic
mode back off again. Meta keys also terminate algebraic entry, so
that @kbd{2+3 M-S} is equivalent to @kbd{2+3 @key{RET} M-S}. The symbol
@samp{Alg*} will appear in the mode line whenever you are in this mode.
@noindent
@pindex another-calc
-It is possible to have any number of Calc Mode buffers at once.
+It is possible to have any number of Calc mode buffers at once.
Usually this is done by executing @kbd{M-x another-calc}, which
is similar to @kbd{M-# c} except that if a @samp{*Calculator*}
buffer already exists, a new, independent one with a name of the
subtraction, and multiplication of integers always yields an exact
integer result. (If the result of a division or exponentiation of
integers is not an integer, it is expressed in fractional or
-floating-point form according to the current Fraction Mode.
+floating-point form according to the current Fraction mode.
@xref{Fraction Mode}.)
A decimal integer is represented as an optional sign followed by a
written ``2/3'' but Calc uses the notation @samp{2:3}. (The @kbd{/} key
performs RPN division; the following two sequences push the number
@samp{2:3} on the stack: @kbd{2 :@: 3 @key{RET}}, or @kbd{2 @key{RET} 3 /}
-assuming Fraction Mode has been enabled.)
+assuming Fraction mode has been enabled.)
When the Calculator produces a fractional result it always reduces it to
simplest form, which may in fact be an integer.
Operations on rectangular complex numbers yield rectangular complex
results, and similarly for polar complex numbers. Where the two types
are mixed, or where new complex numbers arise (as for the square root of
-a negative real), the current @dfn{Polar Mode} is used to determine the
+a negative real), the current @dfn{Polar mode} is used to determine the
type. @xref{Polar Mode}.
A complex result in which the imaginary part is zero (or the phase angle
cannot be determined.) In Calc's notation, @samp{0 * inf = nan}
and @samp{inf / inf = nan}. A few other common indeterminate
expressions are @samp{inf - inf} and @samp{inf ^ 0}. Also,
-@samp{0 / 0 = nan} if you have turned on ``infinite mode''
+@samp{0 / 0 = nan} if you have turned on Infinite mode
(as described above).
Infinities are especially useful as parts of @dfn{intervals}.
get the other interpretation. If you omit the lower or upper limit,
a default of @samp{-inf} or @samp{inf} (respectively) is furnished.
-``Infinite mode'' also affects operations on intervals
+Infinite mode also affects operations on intervals
(@pxref{Infinities}). Calc will always introduce an open infinity,
as in @samp{1 / (0 .. 2] = [0.5 .. inf)}. But closed infinities,
-@w{@samp{1 / [0 .. 2] = [0.5 .. inf]}}, arise only in infinite mode;
+@w{@samp{1 / [0 .. 2] = [0.5 .. inf]}}, arise only in Infinite mode;
otherwise they are left unevaluated. Note that the ``direction'' of
a zero is not an issue in this case since the zero is always assumed
to be continuous with the rest of the interval. For intervals that
algebraic entry (@kbd{'}), editing commands like @kbd{`} which parse
the contents of the editing buffer when you finish, the @kbd{M-# g}
and @w{@kbd{M-# r}} commands, the @kbd{C-y} command, the X window system
-``paste'' mouse operation, and Embedded Mode. All of these operations
+``paste'' mouse operation, and Embedded mode. All of these operations
use the same rules for parsing formulas; in particular, language modes
(@pxref{Language Modes}) affect them all in the same way.
@pindex calc-mode-record-mode
The @kbd{m R} (@code{calc-mode-record-mode}) command tells Calc to
record the new mode settings (as if by pressing @kbd{m m}) every
-time a mode setting changes. If Embedded Mode is enabled, other
+time a mode setting changes. If Embedded mode is enabled, other
options are available; @pxref{Mode Settings in Embedded Mode}.
@kindex m F
degrees, or an HMS form depending on the current angular mode. If the
result is a complex number and the current mode is HMS, the number is
instead expressed in degrees. (Complex-number calculations would
-normally be done in radians mode, though. Complex numbers are converted
+normally be done in Radians mode, though. Complex numbers are converted
to degrees by calculating the complex result in radians and then
multiplying by 180 over @cpi{}.)
The @kbd{m r} (@code{calc-radians-mode}), @kbd{m d} (@code{calc-degrees-mode}),
and @kbd{m h} (@code{calc-hms-mode}) commands control the angular mode.
The current angular mode is displayed on the Emacs mode line.
-The default angular mode is degrees.
+The default angular mode is Degrees.
@node Polar Mode, Fraction Mode, Angular Modes, Calculation Modes
@subsection Polar Mode
@kindex m p
@pindex calc-polar-mode
The @kbd{m p} (@code{calc-polar-mode}) command toggles complex-number
-preference between rectangular and polar forms. In polar mode, all
+preference between rectangular and polar forms. In Polar mode, all
of the above example situations would produce polar complex numbers.
@node Fraction Mode, Infinite Mode, Polar Mode, Calculation Modes
To set the Calculator to produce fractional results for normal integer
divisions, use the @kbd{m f} (@code{calc-frac-mode}) command.
For example, @expr{8/4} produces @expr{2} in either mode,
-but @expr{6/4} produces @expr{3:2} in Fraction Mode, @expr{1.5} in
-Float Mode.
+but @expr{6/4} produces @expr{3:2} in Fraction mode, @expr{1.5} in
+Float mode.
At any time you can use @kbd{c f} (@code{calc-float}) to convert a
fraction to a float, or @kbd{c F} (@code{calc-fraction}) to convert a
in calculations that already had infinities as inputs. (One exception
is that infinite open intervals like @samp{[0 .. inf)} can be
generated; however, intervals closed at infinity (@samp{[0 .. inf]})
-will not be generated when infinite mode is off.)
+will not be generated when Infinite mode is off.)
-With infinite mode turned on, @samp{1 / 0} will generate @code{uinf},
+With Infinite mode turned on, @samp{1 / 0} will generate @code{uinf},
an undirected infinity. @xref{Infinities}, for a discussion of the
difference between @code{inf} and @code{uinf}. Also, @expr{0 / 0}
evaluates to @code{nan}, the ``indeterminate'' symbol. Various other
functions can also return infinities in this mode; for example,
@samp{ln(0) = -inf}, and @samp{gamma(-7) = uinf}. Once again,
-note that @samp{exp(inf) = inf} regardless of infinite mode because
+note that @samp{exp(inf) = inf} regardless of Infinite mode because
this calculation has infinity as an input.
-@cindex Positive infinite mode
+@cindex Positive Infinite mode
The @kbd{m i} command with a numeric prefix argument of zero,
-i.e., @kbd{C-u 0 m i}, turns on a ``positive infinite mode'' in
+i.e., @kbd{C-u 0 m i}, turns on a Positive Infinite mode in
which zero is treated as positive instead of being directionless.
Thus, @samp{1 / 0 = inf} and @samp{-1 / 0 = -inf} in this mode.
Note that zero never actually has a sign in Calc; there are no
separate representations for @mathit{+0} and @mathit{-0}. Positive
-infinite mode merely changes the interpretation given to the
+Infinite mode merely changes the interpretation given to the
single symbol, @samp{0}. One consequence of this is that, while
you might expect @samp{1 / -0 = -inf}, actually @samp{1 / -0}
is equivalent to @samp{1 / 0}, which is equal to positive @code{inf}.
@kindex m s
@pindex calc-symbolic-mode
-In @dfn{symbolic mode}, controlled by the @kbd{m s} (@code{calc-symbolic-mode})
+In @dfn{Symbolic mode}, controlled by the @kbd{m s} (@code{calc-symbolic-mode})
command, functions which would produce inexact, irrational results are
left in symbolic form. Thus @kbd{16 Q} pushes 4, but @kbd{2 Q} pushes
@samp{sqrt(2)}.
@cindex Scalar mode
Calc sometimes makes assumptions during algebraic manipulation that
are awkward or incorrect when vectors and matrices are involved.
-Calc has two modes, @dfn{matrix mode} and @dfn{scalar mode}, which
+Calc has two modes, @dfn{Matrix mode} and @dfn{Scalar mode}, which
modify its behavior around vectors in useful ways.
@kindex m v
@pindex calc-matrix-mode
-Press @kbd{m v} (@code{calc-matrix-mode}) once to enter matrix mode.
+Press @kbd{m v} (@code{calc-matrix-mode}) once to enter Matrix mode.
In this mode, all objects are assumed to be matrices unless provably
otherwise. One major effect is that Calc will no longer consider
multiplication to be commutative. (Recall that in matrix arithmetic,
if it is combined with a scalar (as in @samp{idn(1) + 2}), Calc
will assume it really was a scalar after all and produce, e.g., 3.
-Press @kbd{m v} a second time to get scalar mode. Here, objects are
+Press @kbd{m v} a second time to get Scalar mode. Here, objects are
assumed @emph{not} to be vectors or matrices unless provably so.
For example, normally adding a variable to a vector, as in
@samp{[x, y, z] + a}, will leave the sum in symbolic form because
as far as Calc knows, @samp{a} could represent either a number or
-another 3-vector. In scalar mode, @samp{a} is assumed to be a
+another 3-vector. In Scalar mode, @samp{a} is assumed to be a
non-vector, and the addition is evaluated to @samp{[x+a, y+a, z+a]}.
Press @kbd{m v} a third time to return to the normal mode of operation.
If you press @kbd{m v} with a numeric prefix argument @var{n}, you
-get a special ``dimensioned matrix mode'' in which matrices of
+get a special ``dimensioned'' Matrix mode in which matrices of
unknown size are assumed to be @var{n}x@var{n} square matrices.
Then, the function call @samp{idn(1)} will expand into an actual
matrix rather than representing a ``generic'' matrix.
your earlier promise to Calc that @samp{a} would be scalar.
Another way to mix scalars and matrices is to use selections
-(@pxref{Selecting Subformulas}). Use matrix mode when operating on
-your formula normally; then, to apply scalar mode to a certain part
+(@pxref{Selecting Subformulas}). Use Matrix mode when operating on
+your formula normally; then, to apply Scalar mode to a certain part
of the formula without affecting the rest just select that part,
-change into scalar mode and press @kbd{=} to resimplify the part
-under this mode, then change back to matrix mode before deselecting.
+change into Scalar mode and press @kbd{=} to resimplify the part
+under this mode, then change back to Matrix mode before deselecting.
@node Automatic Recomputation, Working Message, Matrix Mode, Calculation Modes
@subsection Automatic Recomputation
The @kbd{m C} (@code{calc-auto-recompute}) command turns this
automatic recomputation on and off. If you turn it off, Calc will
not update @samp{=>} operators on the stack (nor those in the
-attached Embedded Mode buffer, if there is one). They will not
+attached Embedded mode buffer, if there is one). They will not
be updated unless you explicitly do so by pressing @kbd{=} or until
you press @kbd{m C} to turn recomputation back on. (While automatic
recomputation is off, you can think of @kbd{m C m C} as a command
amount of simplification you will allow to be applied automatically, then
use manual commands like @kbd{a s} and @kbd{c c} (@code{calc-clean}) to
perform higher types of simplifications on demand. @xref{Algebraic
-Definitions}, for another sample use of no-simplification mode.
+Definitions}, for another sample use of No-Simplification mode.
@node Declarations, Display Modes, Simplification Modes, Mode Settings
@section Declarations
never distinguishes between @code{vector} and @code{matrix}
declarations.)
-@xref{Matrix Mode}, for a discussion of ``matrix mode'' and
-``scalar mode,'' which are similar to declaring @samp{[All, matrix]}
+@xref{Matrix Mode}, for a discussion of Matrix mode and
+Scalar mode, which are similar to declaring @samp{[All, matrix]}
or @samp{[All, scalar]} but much more convenient.
One more type symbol that is recognized is used with the @kbd{H a d}
@tindex dscalar
The @code{dscalar} function returns 1 if its argument is provably
scalar, or 0 if its argument is provably non-scalar. It is left
-unevaluated if this cannot be determined. (If matrix mode or scalar
-mode are in effect, this function returns 1 or 0, respectively,
+unevaluated if this cannot be determined. (If Matrix mode or Scalar
+mode is in effect, this function returns 1 or 0, respectively,
if it has no other information.) When Calc interprets a condition
(say, in a rewrite rule) it considers an unevaluated formula to be
``false.'' Thus, @samp{dscalar(a)} is ``true'' only if @code{a} is
@cindex Digit grouping
Long numbers can be hard to read if they have too many digits. For
example, the factorial of 30 is 33 digits long! Press @kbd{d g}
-(@code{calc-group-digits}) to enable @dfn{grouping} mode, in which digits
+(@code{calc-group-digits}) to enable @dfn{Grouping} mode, in which digits
are displayed in clumps of 3 or 4 (depending on the current radix)
separated by commas.
Values on the stack are normally left-justified in the window. You can
control this arrangement by typing @kbd{d <} (@code{calc-left-justify}),
@kbd{d >} (@code{calc-right-justify}), or @kbd{d =}
-(@code{calc-center-justify}). For example, in right-justification mode,
+(@code{calc-center-justify}). For example, in Right-Justification mode,
stack entries are displayed flush-right against the right edge of the
window.
origin and line width is slightly different in each justification
mode.
-In left-justified mode, the line is indented by a number of spaces
+In Left-Justified mode, the line is indented by a number of spaces
given by the origin (default zero). If the result is longer than the
maximum line width, if given, or too wide to fit in the Calc window
otherwise, then it is broken into lines which will fit; each broken
line is indented to the origin.
-In right-justified mode, lines are shifted right so that the rightmost
+In Right-Justified mode, lines are shifted right so that the rightmost
character is just before the origin, or just before the current
window width if no origin was specified. If the line is too long
for this, then it is broken; the current line width is used, if
specified, or else the origin is used as a width if that is
specified, or else the line is broken to fit in the window.
-In centering mode, the origin is the column number of the center of
+In Centering mode, the origin is the column number of the center of
each stack entry. If a line width is specified, lines will not be
allowed to go past that width; Calc will either indent less or
break the lines if necessary. If no origin is specified, half the
The @kbd{d @}} (@code{calc-right-label}) command similarly adds a
label on the righthand side. It does not affect positioning of
the stack entries unless they are right-justified. Also, if both
-a line width and an origin are given in right-justified mode, the
+a line width and an origin are given in Right-Justified mode, the
stack entry is justified to the origin and the righthand label is
justified to the line width.
One application of labels would be to add equation numbers to
formulas you are manipulating in Calc and then copying into a
-document (possibly using Embedded Mode). The equations would
+document (possibly using Embedded mode). The equations would
typically be centered, and the equation numbers would be on the
left or right as you prefer.
@noindent
in place of @samp{sqrt((a+1)/b + c^2)}.
-Subscripts like @samp{a_i} are displayed as actual subscripts in ``big''
+Subscripts like @samp{a_i} are displayed as actual subscripts in Big
mode. Double subscripts, @samp{a_i_j} (@samp{subscr(subscr(a, i), j)})
are displayed as @samp{a} with subscripts separated by commas:
@samp{i, j}. They must still be entered in the usual underscore
Octal and hexadecimal values are written with leading @samp{0} or @samp{0x}
rather than using the @samp{#} symbol. Array subscripting is
translated into @code{subscr} calls, so that @samp{a[i]} in C
-mode is the same as @samp{a_i} in normal mode. Assignments
+mode is the same as @samp{a_i} in Normal mode. Assignments
turn into the @code{assign} function, which Calc normally displays
using the @samp{:=} symbol.
The variables @code{var-pi} and @code{var-e} would be displayed @samp{pi}
-and @samp{e} in normal mode, but in C mode they are displayed as
+and @samp{e} in Normal mode, but in C mode they are displayed as
@samp{M_PI} and @samp{M_E}, corresponding to the names of constants
typically provided in the @file{<math.h>} header. Functions whose
names are different in C are translated automatically for entry and
Underscores are allowed in variable and function names in all of these
language modes. The underscore here is equivalent to the @samp{#} in
-normal mode, or to hyphens in the underlying Emacs Lisp variable names.
+Normal mode, or to hyphens in the underlying Emacs Lisp variable names.
FORTRAN and Pascal modes normally do not adjust the case of letters in
formulas. Most built-in Calc names use lower-case letters. If you use a
@tindex choriz
The @code{choriz} function takes a vector of objects and composes
them horizontally. For example, @samp{choriz([17, a b/c, d])} formats
-as @w{@samp{17a b / cd}} in normal language mode, or as
+as @w{@samp{17a b / cd}} in Normal language mode, or as
@example
@group
@tindex cwidth
The @code{cwidth} function measures the width, in characters, of a
composition. For example, @samp{cwidth(a + b)} is 5, and
-@samp{cwidth(a / b)} is 5 in normal mode, 1 in Big mode, and 11 in
+@samp{cwidth(a / b)} is 5 in Normal mode, 1 in Big mode, and 11 in
@TeX{} mode (for @samp{@{a \over b@}}). The argument may involve
the composition functions described in this section.
@pindex calc-edit-user-syntax
The @kbd{Z S} (@code{calc-edit-user-syntax}) command edits the
syntax table for the current language mode. If you want your
-syntax to work in any language, define it in the normal language
+syntax to work in any language, define it in the Normal language
mode. Type @kbd{M-# M-#} to finish editing the syntax table, or
@kbd{M-# x} to cancel the edit. The @kbd{m m} command saves all
the syntax tables along with the other mode settings;
A @dfn{syntax table} is a list of user-defined @dfn{syntax rules},
which allow you to specify new patterns to define your own
favorite input notations. Calc's parser always checks the syntax
-table for the current language mode, then the table for the normal
+table for the current language mode, then the table for the Normal
language mode, before it uses its built-in rules to parse an
algebraic formula you have entered. Each syntax rule should go on
its own line; it consists of a @dfn{pattern}, a @samp{:=} symbol,
@samp{i=1..10}. Then, we use @code{matches} to break it apart into
its components. If the expression turns out not to match the pattern,
the syntax rule will fail. Note that @kbd{Z S} always uses Calc's
-normal language mode for editing expressions in syntax rules, so we
+Normal language mode for editing expressions in syntax rules, so we
must use regular Calc notation for the interval @samp{[b..c]} that
will correspond to the Maple mode interval @samp{1..10}.
Command is @kbd{m p}.
@item
-Matrix/scalar mode. Default value is @mathit{-1}. Value is 0 for scalar
-mode, @mathit{-2} for matrix mode, or @var{N} for
+Matrix/Scalar mode. Default value is @mathit{-1}. Value is 0 for Scalar
+mode, @mathit{-2} for Matrix mode, or @var{N} for
@texline @math{N\times N}
@infoline @var{N}x@var{N}
-matrix mode. Command is @kbd{m v}.
+Matrix mode. Command is @kbd{m v}.
@item
Simplification mode. Default is 1. Value is @mathit{-1} for off (@kbd{m O}),
@cindex Mode line indicators
This section is a summary of all symbols that can appear on the
Calc mode line, the highlighted bar that appears under the Calc
-stack window (or under an editing window in Embedded Mode).
+stack window (or under an editing window in Embedded mode).
The basic mode line format is:
regular Emacs commands are not allowed to edit the stack buffer
as if it were text.
-The word @samp{Calc:} changes to @samp{CalcEmbed:} if Embedded Mode
+The word @samp{Calc:} changes to @samp{CalcEmbed:} if Embedded mode
is enabled. The words after this describe the various Calc modes
that are in effect.
Matrix mode (@kbd{m v}; @pxref{Matrix Mode}).
@item Matrix@var{n}
-Dimensioned matrix mode (@kbd{C-u @var{n} m v}).
+Dimensioned Matrix mode (@kbd{C-u @var{n} m v}).
@item Scalar
Scalar mode (@kbd{m v}; @pxref{Matrix Mode}).
Infinite mode (@kbd{m i}; @pxref{Infinite Mode}).
@item +Inf
-Positive infinite mode (@kbd{C-u 0 m i}).
+Positive Infinite mode (@kbd{C-u 0 m i}).
@item NoSimp
Default simplifications off (@kbd{m O}; @pxref{Simplification Modes}).
If either argument of @kbd{+} is a complex number, the result will in general
be complex. If one argument is in rectangular form and the other polar,
-the current Polar Mode determines the form of the result. If Symbolic
-Mode is enabled, the sum may be left as a formula if the necessary
+the current Polar mode determines the form of the result. If Symbolic
+mode is enabled, the sum may be left as a formula if the necessary
conversions for polar addition are non-trivial.
If both arguments of @kbd{+} are HMS forms, the forms are added according to
the usual conventions of hours-minutes-seconds notation. If one argument
is an HMS form and the other is a number, that number is converted from
-degrees or radians (depending on the current Angular Mode) to HMS format
+degrees or radians (depending on the current Angular mode) to HMS format
and then the two HMS forms are added.
If one argument of @kbd{+} is a date form, the other can be either a
@tindex fdiv
The @kbd{:} (@code{calc-fdiv}) command [@code{fdiv} function in a formula]
divides the two integers on the top of the stack to produce a fractional
-result. This is a convenient shorthand for enabling Fraction Mode (with
+result. This is a convenient shorthand for enabling Fraction mode (with
@kbd{m f}) temporarily and using @samp{/}. Note that during numeric entry
the @kbd{:} key is interpreted as a fraction separator, so to divide 8 by 6
you would have to type @kbd{8 @key{RET} 6 @key{RET} :}. (Of course, in
@tindex sqrt
The @kbd{Q} (@code{calc-sqrt}) [@code{sqrt}] command computes the square
root of a number. For a negative real argument, the result will be a
-complex number whose form is determined by the current Polar Mode.
+complex number whose form is determined by the current Polar mode.
@kindex f h
@pindex calc-hypot
by a given power of ten. Thus, @samp{scf(mant(x), xpon(x)) = x} for any
real @samp{x}. The second argument must be an integer, but the first
may actually be any numeric value. For example, @samp{scf(5,-2) = 0.05}
-or @samp{1:20} depending on the current Fraction Mode.
+or @samp{1:20} depending on the current Fraction mode.
@kindex f [
@kindex f ]
The @code{calc-imaginary} command multiplies the number on the
top of the stack by the imaginary number @expr{i = (0,1)}. This
command is not normally bound to a key in Calc, but it is available
-on the @key{IMAG} button in Keypad Mode.
+on the @key{IMAG} button in Keypad mode.
@kindex f r
@pindex calc-re
integrals or solving equations involving the functions.
@ifinfo
-These formulas are shown using the conventions of ``Big'' display
+These formulas are shown using the conventions of Big display
mode (@kbd{d B}); for example, the formula for @code{fv} written
linearly is @samp{pmt * ((1 + rate)^n) - 1) / rate}.
@infoline @expr{2^10 = 1024}.
In certain cases like @samp{log(3,9)}, the result
will be either @expr{1:2} or @expr{0.5} depending on the current Fraction
-Mode setting. With the Inverse flag [@code{alog}], this command is
+mode setting. With the Inverse flag [@code{alog}], this command is
similar to @kbd{^} except that the order of the arguments is reversed.
@kindex f I
Also, the symbolic variable @code{pi} is not ordinarily recognized in
arguments to trigonometric functions, as in @samp{sin(3 pi / 4)}, but
the @kbd{a s} (@code{calc-simplify}) command recognizes many such
-formulas when the current angular mode is radians @emph{and} symbolic
+formulas when the current angular mode is Radians @emph{and} Symbolic
mode is enabled; this example would be replaced by @samp{sqrt(2) / 2}.
@xref{Symbolic Mode}. Beware, this simplification occurs even if you
have stored a different value in the variable @samp{pi}; this is one
Calc includes similar formulas for @code{cos} and @code{tan}.
The @kbd{a s} command knows all angles which are integer multiples of
-@cpiover{12}, @cpiover{10}, or @cpiover{8} radians. In degrees mode,
+@cpiover{12}, @cpiover{10}, or @cpiover{8} radians. In Degrees mode,
analogous simplifications occur for integer multiples of 15 or 18
degrees, and for arguments plus multiples of 90 degrees.
The branch cuts are on the real axis, less than @mathit{-1} and greater than 1.
The following tables for @code{arcsin}, @code{arccos}, and
-@code{arctan} assume the current angular mode is radians. The
+@code{arctan} assume the current angular mode is Radians. The
hyperbolic functions operate independently of the angular mode.
@smallexample
not a vector. For example, if the input is the number @mathit{-5}, then
@kbd{c-u -1 v u} yields @mathit{-5} and 0 (the components of @mathit{-5}
when viewed as a rectangular complex number); @kbd{C-u -2 v u} yields 5
-and 180 (assuming degrees mode); and @kbd{C-u -10 v u} yields @mathit{-5}
+and 180 (assuming Degrees mode); and @kbd{C-u -10 v u} yields @mathit{-5}
and 1 (the numerator and denominator of @mathit{-5}, viewed as a rational
number). Plain @kbd{v u} with this input would complain that the input
is not a composite object.
whose size is known, it is converted automatically to an identity
matrix of a suitable matching size. The @kbd{v i} command with an
argument of zero creates a generic identity matrix, @samp{idn(1)}.
-Note that in dimensioned matrix mode (@pxref{Matrix Mode}), generic
+Note that in dimensioned Matrix mode (@pxref{Matrix Mode}), generic
identity matrices are immediately expanded to the current default
dimensions.
using regular Emacs editing commands.
When doing algebraic work, you may find several of the Calculator's
-modes to be helpful, including algebraic-simplification mode (@kbd{m A})
-or no-simplification mode (@kbd{m O}),
-algebraic-entry mode (@kbd{m a}), fraction mode (@kbd{m f}), and
-symbolic mode (@kbd{m s}). @xref{Mode Settings}, for discussions
-of these modes. You may also wish to select ``big'' display mode (@kbd{d B}).
+modes to be helpful, including Algebraic Simplification mode (@kbd{m A})
+or No-Simplification mode (@kbd{m O}),
+Algebraic entry mode (@kbd{m a}), Fraction mode (@kbd{m f}), and
+Symbolic mode (@kbd{m s}). @xref{Mode Settings}, for discussions
+of these modes. You may also wish to select Big display mode (@kbd{d B}).
@xref{Normal Language Modes}.
@menu
highlight the smallest portion of the formula that contains that
character. By default the sub-formula is highlighted by blanking out
all of the rest of the formula with dots. Selection works in any
-display mode but is perhaps easiest in ``big'' (@kbd{d B}) mode.
+display mode but is perhaps easiest in Big mode (@kbd{d B}).
Suppose you enter the following formula:
@smallexample
Every character not part of the sub-formula @samp{b} has been changed
to a dot. The @samp{*} next to the line number is to remind you that
the formula has a portion of it selected. (In this case, it's very
-obvious, but it might not always be. If Embedded Mode is enabled,
+obvious, but it might not always be. If Embedded mode is enabled,
the word @samp{Sel} also appears in the mode line because the stack
may not be visible. @pxref{Embedded Mode}.)
Use @kbd{a v} if you want the variables to ignore their stored values.
If you give a numeric prefix argument of 2 to @kbd{a v}, it simplifies
-as if in algebraic simplification mode. This is equivalent to typing
+as if in Algebraic Simplification mode. This is equivalent to typing
@kbd{a s}; @pxref{Simplifying Formulas}. If you give a numeric prefix
-of 3 or more, it uses extended simplification mode (@kbd{a e}).
+of 3 or more, it uses Extended Simplification mode (@kbd{a e}).
If you give a negative prefix argument @mathit{-1}, @mathit{-2}, or @mathit{-3},
it simplifies in the corresponding mode but only works on the top-level
simplify to @samp{(2 + 3)^2}, without simplifying the sub-formulas
@samp{2 + 3}. As another example, typing @kbd{V R +} to sum the vector
@samp{[1, 2, 3, 4]} produces the formula @samp{reduce(add, [1, 2, 3, 4])}
-in no-simplify mode. Using @kbd{a v} will evaluate this all the way to
+in No-Simplify mode. Using @kbd{a v} will evaluate this all the way to
10; using @kbd{C-u - a v} will evaluate it only to @samp{1 + 2 + 3 + 4}.
(@xref{Reducing and Mapping}.)
@tindex evalvn
The @kbd{=} command corresponds to the @code{evalv} function, and
the related @kbd{N} command, which is like @kbd{=} but temporarily
-disables symbolic (@kbd{m s}) mode during the evaluation, corresponds
+disables Symbolic mode (@kbd{m s}) during the evaluation, corresponds
to the @code{evalvn} function. (These commands interpret their prefix
arguments differently than @kbd{a v}; @kbd{=} treats the prefix as
the number of stack elements to evaluate at once, and @kbd{N} treats
to a function are somehow of the wrong type @expr{@t{tan}([2,3,4])}),
range (@expr{@t{tan}(90)}), or number (@expr{@t{tan}(3,5)}),
or if the function name is not recognized (@expr{@t{f}(5)}), or if
-``symbolic'' mode (@pxref{Symbolic Mode}) prevents evaluation
+Symbolic mode (@pxref{Symbolic Mode}) prevents evaluation
(@expr{@t{sqrt}(2)}).
Calc simplifies (evaluates) the arguments to a function before it
The products @expr{1 a} and @expr{a 1} are simplified to @expr{a};
@expr{(-1) a} and @expr{a (-1)} are simplified to @expr{-a};
@expr{0 a} and @expr{a 0} are simplified to @expr{0}, except that
-in matrix mode where @expr{a} is not provably scalar the result
+in Matrix mode where @expr{a} is not provably scalar the result
is the generic zero matrix @samp{idn(0)}, and that if @expr{a} is
infinite the result is @samp{nan}.
@expr{b}. The result is written using @samp{sqrt} or @samp{1/sqrt}
if the sum of the powers is @expr{1/2} or @expr{-1/2}, respectively.
If the sum of the powers is zero, the product is simplified to
-@expr{1} or to @samp{idn(1)} if matrix mode is enabled.
+@expr{1} or to @samp{idn(1)} if Matrix mode is enabled.
The product of a negative power times anything but another negative
power is changed to use division:
@texline @math{x^{-2} y}
@infoline @expr{x^(-2) y}
-goes to @expr{y / x^2} unless matrix mode is
+goes to @expr{y / x^2} unless Matrix mode is
in effect and neither @expr{x} nor @expr{y} are scalar (in which
case it is considered unsafe to rearrange the order of the terms).
Finally, @expr{a (b/c)} is rewritten to @expr{(a b)/c}, and also
-@expr{(a/b) c} is changed to @expr{(a c)/b} unless in matrix mode.
+@expr{(a/b) c} is changed to @expr{(a c)/b} unless in Matrix mode.
@tex
\bigskip
Also, @expr{(-a) / b} and @expr{a / (-b)} go to @expr{-(a/b)};
@expr{(a/b) / c} goes to @expr{a / (b c)}; and @expr{a / (b/c)}
-goes to @expr{(a c) / b} unless matrix mode prevents this
+goes to @expr{(a c) / b} unless Matrix mode prevents this
rearrangement. Similarly, @expr{a / (b:c)} is simplified to
@expr{(c:b) a} for any fraction @expr{b:c}.
@end tex
The formula @expr{x^0} is simplified to @expr{1}, or to @samp{idn(1)}
-in matrix mode. The formula @expr{0^x} is simplified to @expr{0}
+in Matrix mode. The formula @expr{0^x} is simplified to @expr{0}
unless @expr{x} is a negative number or complex number, in which
case the result is an infinity or an unsimplified formula according
to the current infinite mode. Note that @expr{0^0} is an
come first, and are sorted into increasing order. The @kbd{V S}
command uses the same ordering when sorting a vector.
-Sorting of terms of products is inhibited when matrix mode is
+Sorting of terms of products is inhibited when Matrix mode is
turned on; in this case, Calc will never exchange the order of
two terms unless it knows at least one of the terms is a scalar.
@var{n}th derivative.
When working with trigonometric functions, it is best to switch to
-radians mode first (with @w{@kbd{m r}}). The derivative of @samp{sin(x)}
+Radians mode first (with @w{@kbd{m r}}). The derivative of @samp{sin(x)}
in degrees is @samp{(pi/180) cos(x)}, probably not the expected
answer!
The Calculator remembers all the integrals it has done. If conditions
change in a way that would invalidate the old integrals, say, a switch
-from degrees to radians mode, then they will be thrown out. If you
+from Degrees to Radians mode, then they will be thrown out. If you
suspect this is not happening when it should, use the
@code{calc-flush-caches} command; @pxref{Caches}.
for @expr{x} by taking cube roots. But in many cases, like
@expr{x^6 + x + 1}, Calc does not know how to rewrite the polynomial
into a form it can solve. The @kbd{a P} command can still deliver a
-list of numerical roots, however, provided that symbolic mode (@kbd{m s})
-is not turned on. (If you work with symbolic mode on, recall that the
+list of numerical roots, however, provided that Symbolic mode (@kbd{m s})
+is not turned on. (If you work with Symbolic mode on, recall that the
@kbd{N} (@code{calc-eval-num}) key is a handy way to reevaluate the
-formula on the stack with symbolic mode temporarily off.) Naturally,
+formula on the stack with Symbolic mode temporarily off.) Naturally,
@kbd{a P} can only provide numerical roots if the polynomial coefficients
are all numbers (real or complex).
data exactly, it's no surprise that Calc chose a tiny contribution
for @expr{x^2}. (The fact that it's not exactly zero is due only
to roundoff error. Since our data are exact integers, we could get
-an exact answer by typing @kbd{m f} first to get fraction mode.
+an exact answer by typing @kbd{m f} first to get Fraction mode.
Then the @expr{x^2} term would vanish altogether. Usually, though,
-the data being fitted will be approximate floats so fraction mode
+the data being fitted will be approximate floats so Fraction mode
won't help.)
Doing the @kbd{a F 2} fit on the data set with 14 instead of 13
@expr{0.0416666663588}, clearly suffer from loss of precision.
It is a good idea to increase the working precision to several
digits beyond what you need when you do a fitting operation.
-Or, if your data are exact, use fraction mode to get exact
+Or, if your data are exact, use Fraction mode to get exact
results.
You can type @kbd{i} instead of a digit at the model prompt to fit
Note that @samp{*} is not commutative when applied to matrices, but
rewrite rules pretend that it is. If you type @kbd{m v} to enable
-matrix mode (@pxref{Matrix Mode}), rewrite rules will match @samp{*}
+Matrix mode (@pxref{Matrix Mode}), rewrite rules will match @samp{*}
literally, ignoring its usual commutativity property. (In the
current implementation, the associativity also vanishes---it is as
if the pattern had been enclosed in a @code{plain} marker; see below.)
If you are applying rewrites to formulas with matrices, it's best to
-enable matrix mode first to prevent algebraically incorrect rewrites
+enable Matrix mode first to prevent algebraically incorrect rewrites
from occurring.
The pattern @samp{-x} will actually match any expression. For example,
on both sides of a rewrite rule: @samp{apply(f, [x]) := f(x+1)}
is @emph{not} correct, because it rewrites @samp{spam(6)} into
@samp{f(7)}. The righthand side should be @samp{apply(f, [x+1])}.
-Also note that you will have to use no-simplify (@kbd{m O})
-mode when entering this rule so that the @code{apply} isn't
+Also note that you will have to use No-Simplify mode (@kbd{m O})
+when entering this rule so that the @code{apply} isn't
evaluated immediately to get the new rule @samp{f(x) := f(x+1)}.
Or, use @kbd{s e} to enter the rule without going through the stack,
or enter the rule as @samp{apply(f, [x]) := apply(f, [x+1]) @w{:: 1}}.
to expand trig functions. But if instead you store them in the
variable @code{EvalRules}, they will automatically be applied to all
sines and cosines of sums. Then, with @samp{2 x} and @samp{45} on
-the stack, typing @kbd{+ S} will (assuming degrees mode) result in
+the stack, typing @kbd{+ S} will (assuming Degrees mode) result in
@samp{0.7071 sin(2 x) + 0.7071 cos(2 x)} automatically.
As each level of a formula is evaluated, the rules from
the multiplication, addition, and square root functions directly rather
than applying the default simplifications to this formula. So an
@code{EvalRules} rule that (perversely) rewrites @samp{sqrt(13) := 6}
-would not apply. (However, if you put Calc into symbolic mode so that
+would not apply. (However, if you put Calc into Symbolic mode so that
@samp{sqrt(13)} will be left in symbolic form by the built-in square
root function, your rule will be able to apply. But if the complex
number were @expr{(3,4)}, so that @samp{sqrt(25)} must be calculated,
-then symbolic mode will not help because @samp{sqrt(25)} can be
+then Symbolic mode will not help because @samp{sqrt(25)} can be
evaluated exactly to 5.)
One subtle restriction that normally only manifests itself with
This will simplify the formula whenever @expr{b} and/or @expr{c} can
be made simpler by squaring. For example, applying this rule to
@samp{2 / (sqrt(2) + 3)} yields @samp{6:7 - 2:7 sqrt(2)} (assuming
-Symbolic Mode has been enabled to keep the square root from being
+Symbolic mode has been enabled to keep the square root from being
evaluated to a floating-point approximation). This rule is also
useful when working with symbolic complex numbers, e.g.,
@samp{(a + b i) / (c + d i)}.
display anomaly, however; @samp{mm} will work just fine as a
representation of one millimeter.
-You may find that Algebraic Mode (@pxref{Algebraic Entry}) makes working
+You may find that Algebraic mode (@pxref{Algebraic Entry}) makes working
with units expressions easier. Otherwise, you will have to remember
to hit the apostrophe key every time you wish to enter units.
formula @samp{x + y + x} is not handled by Calc's default
simplifications, but the @kbd{a s} command will reduce it to
the simpler form @samp{y + 2 x}. You can also type @kbd{m A}
-to enable an algebraic-simplification mode in which the
+to enable an Algebraic Simplification mode in which the
equivalent of @kbd{a s} is used on all of Calc's results.
If you enter @samp{x + y + x =>} normally, the result will
be @samp{x + y + x => x + y + x}. If you change to
-algebraic-simplification mode, the result will be
+Algebraic Simplification mode, the result will be
@samp{x + y + x => y + 2 x}. However, just pressing @kbd{a s}
once will have no effect on @samp{x + y + x => x + y + x},
because the righthand side depends only on the lefthand side
@pindex calc-assign
@tindex assign
@tindex :=
-Embedded Mode also uses @samp{=>} operators. In embedded mode,
+Embedded mode also uses @samp{=>} operators. In Embedded mode,
the lefthand side of an @samp{=>} operator can refer to variables
assigned elsewhere in the file by @samp{:=} operators. The
assignment operator @samp{a := 17} does not actually do anything
-by itself. But Embedded Mode recognizes it and marks it as a sort
+by itself. But Embedded mode recognizes it and marks it as a sort
of file-local definition of the variable. You can enter @samp{:=}
-operators in algebraic mode, or by using the @kbd{s :}
+operators in Algebraic mode, or by using the @kbd{s :}
(@code{calc-assign}) [@code{assign}] command which takes a variable
and value from the stack and replaces them with an assignment.
The commands in this chapter move information between the Calculator and
other Emacs editing buffers.
-In many cases Embedded Mode is an easier and more natural way to
+In many cases Embedded mode is an easier and more natural way to
work with Calc from a regular editing buffer. @xref{Embedded Mode}.
@menu
in the Calc window.
@node Keypad Mode, Embedded Mode, Kill and Yank, Introduction
-@chapter ``Keypad'' Mode
+@chapter Keypad Mode
@noindent
@kindex M-# k
and displays a picture of a calculator-style keypad. If you are using
the X window system, you can click on any of the ``keys'' in the
keypad using the left mouse button to operate the calculator.
-The original window remains the selected window; in keypad mode
+The original window remains the selected window; in Keypad mode
you can type in your file while simultaneously performing
calculations with the mouse.
``key,'' and type @key{SPC} or @key{RET}. If you think this
is easier than using Calc normally, go right ahead.
-Calc commands are more or less the same in keypad mode. Certain
+Calc commands are more or less the same in Keypad mode. Certain
keypad keys differ slightly from the corresponding normal Calc
keystrokes; all such deviations are described below.
-Keypad Mode includes many more commands than will fit on the keypad
+Keypad mode includes many more commands than will fit on the keypad
at once. Click the right mouse button [@code{calc-keypad-menu}]
to switch to the next menu. The bottom five rows of the keypad
stay the same; the top three rows change to a new set of commands.
@end smallexample
@noindent
-This is the menu that appears the first time you start Keypad Mode.
+This is the menu that appears the first time you start Keypad mode.
It will show up in a vertical window on the right side of your screen.
Above this menu is the traditional Calc stack display. On a 24-line
screen you will be able to see the top three stack entries.
stack.
The @key{INV} and @key{HYP} keys modify other keys. As well as
-having the effects described elsewhere in this manual, Keypad Mode
+having the effects described elsewhere in this manual, Keypad mode
defines several other ``inverse'' operations. These are described
below and in the following sections.
that would normally work in Calc mode. This can include a
numeric prefix if you wish. It is also possible simply to
switch into the Calc window and type commands in it; there is
-nothing ``magic'' about this window when Keypad Mode is active.
+nothing ``magic'' about this window when Keypad mode is active.
The other keys in this display perform their obvious calculator
functions. @key{CLN2} rounds the top-of-stack by temporarily
The @key{STO} and @key{RCL} keys are analogous to @kbd{s t} and
@kbd{s r} in regular Calc. @xref{Store and Recall}. Click the
@key{STO} or @key{RCL} key, then one of the ten digits. (Named
-variables are not available in Keypad Mode.) You can also use,
+variables are not available in Keypad mode.) You can also use,
for example, @kbd{STO + 3} to add to register 3.
@node Embedded Mode, Programming, Keypad Mode, Top
@chapter Embedded Mode
@noindent
-Embedded Mode in Calc provides an alternative to copying numbers
+Embedded mode in Calc provides an alternative to copying numbers
and formulas back and forth between editing buffers and the Calc
-stack. In Embedded Mode, your editing buffer becomes temporarily
+stack. In Embedded mode, your editing buffer becomes temporarily
linked to the stack and this copying is taken care of automatically.
@menu
Calc normally scans backward and forward in the buffer for the
nearest opening and closing @dfn{formula delimiters}. The simplest
-delimiters are blank lines. Other delimiters that Embedded Mode
+delimiters are blank lines. Other delimiters that Embedded mode
understands are:
@enumerate
@section Mode Settings in Embedded Mode
@noindent
-Embedded Mode has a rather complicated mechanism for handling mode
+Embedded mode has a rather complicated mechanism for handling mode
settings in Embedded formulas. It is possible to put annotations
in the file that specify mode settings either global to the entire
file or local to a particular formula or formulas. In the latter
case, different modes can be specified for use when a formula
-is the enabled Embedded Mode formula.
+is the enabled Embedded mode formula.
-When you give any mode-setting command, like @kbd{m f} (for fraction
-mode) or @kbd{d s} (for scientific notation), Embedded Mode adds
+When you give any mode-setting command, like @kbd{m f} (for Fraction
+mode) or @kbd{d s} (for scientific notation), Embedded mode adds
a line like the following one to the file just before the opening
delimiter of the formula.
annotation by hand, be sure to give a proper value or results
will be unpredictable. Mode-setting annotations are case-sensitive.
-While Embedded Mode is enabled, the word @code{Local} appears in
+While Embedded mode is enabled, the word @code{Local} appears in
the mode line. This is to show that mode setting commands generate
annotations that are ``local'' to the current formula or set of
formulas. The @kbd{m R} (@code{calc-mode-record-mode}) command
@end example
The first kind of annotation will be used only while a formula
-is enabled in Embedded Mode. The second kind will be used only
+is enabled in Embedded mode. The second kind will be used only
when the formula is @emph{not} enabled. (Whether the formula
is ``active'' or not, i.e., whether Calc has seen this formula
yet, is not relevant here.)
on it in order to get it to notice the new annotation.
Two more mode-recording modes selectable by @kbd{m R} are @code{Save}
-(which works even outside of Embedded Mode), in which mode settings
+(which works even outside of Embedded mode), in which mode settings
are recorded permanently in your Emacs startup file @file{~/.emacs}
rather than by annotating the current document, and no-recording
mode (where there is no symbol like @code{Save} or @code{Local} in
the mode line), in which mode-changing commands do not leave any
annotations at all.
-When Embedded Mode is not enabled, mode-recording modes except
+When Embedded mode is not enabled, mode-recording modes except
for @code{Save} have no effect.
@node Customizing Embedded Mode, , Mode Settings in Embedded Mode, Embedded Mode
@section Customizing Embedded Mode
@noindent
-You can modify Embedded Mode's behavior by setting various Lisp
+You can modify Embedded mode's behavior by setting various Lisp
variables described here. Use @kbd{M-x set-variable} or
@kbd{M-x edit-options} to adjust a variable on the fly, or
put a suitable @code{setq} statement in your @file{~/.emacs}
Emacs manual}.)
While none of these variables will be buffer-local by default, you
-can make any of them local to any embedded-mode buffer. (Their
+can make any of them local to any Embedded mode buffer. (Their
values in the @samp{*Calculator*} buffer are never used.)
@vindex calc-embedded-open-formula
@vindex calc-embedded-close-plain
The @code{calc-embedded-close-plain} variable is a string which
ends a ``plain'' formula. The default is @code{" %%%\n"}. Without
-the trailing newline here, the first line of a ``big'' mode formula
+the trailing newline here, the first line of a Big mode formula
that followed might be shifted over with respect to the other lines.
@vindex calc-embedded-open-new-formula
@cindex Restoring saved modes
Keyboard macros sometimes want to operate under known conditions
without affecting surrounding conditions. For example, a keyboard
-macro may wish to turn on Fraction Mode, or set a particular
+macro may wish to turn on Fraction mode, or set a particular
precision, independent of the user's normal setting for those
modes.
In fact, @kbd{C-u Z `} is like @kbd{Z `} except that it sets the modes
listed above to their default values. As usual, the matching @kbd{Z '}
will restore the modes to their settings from before the @kbd{C-u Z `}.
-Also, @w{@kbd{Z `}} with a negative prefix argument resets algebraic mode
+Also, @w{@kbd{Z `}} with a negative prefix argument resets the algebraic mode
to its default (off) but leaves the other modes the same as they were
outside the construct.
element is a formula string, then @code{calc-eval} sets all the
various Calc modes to their default values while the formula is
evaluated and formatted. For example, the precision is set to 12
-digits, digit grouping is turned off, and the normal language
+digits, digit grouping is turned off, and the Normal language
mode is used.
This same principle applies to the other options discussed below.
program actually considers the interaction with Calc's mode settings
to be a feature. This will avoid all sorts of potential ``gotchas'';
consider what happens with @samp{(calc-eval "sqrt(2)" 'num)}
-when the user has left Calc in symbolic mode or no-simplify mode.
+when the user has left Calc in Symbolic mode or No-Simplify mode.
As another example, @samp{(equal (calc-eval '("$<$$") nil a b) "1")}
checks if the number in string @expr{a} is less than the one in
This function takes a Calc object and ``normalizes'' it. At the very
least this involves re-rounding floating-point values according to the
current precision and other similar jobs. Also, unless the user has
-selected no-simplify mode (@pxref{Simplification Modes}), this involves
+selected No-Simplify mode (@pxref{Simplification Modes}), this involves
actually evaluating a formula object by executing the function calls
it contains, and possibly also doing algebraic simplification, etc.
@end defun
@end defun
@defun inexact-value
-If Symbolic Mode is enabled, this will signal an error that causes
+If Symbolic mode is enabled, this will signal an error that causes
@code{normalize} to leave the formula in symbolic form, with the message
-``Inexact result.'' (This function has no effect when not in Symbolic Mode.)
-Note that if your function calls @samp{(sin 5)} in Symbolic Mode, the
+``Inexact result.'' (This function has no effect when not in Symbolic mode.)
+Note that if your function calls @samp{(sin 5)} in Symbolic mode, the
@code{sin} function will call @code{inexact-value}, which will cause your
function to be left unsimplified. You may instead wish to call
-@samp{(normalize (list 'calcFunc-sin 5))}, which in Symbolic Mode will
+@samp{(normalize (list 'calcFunc-sin 5))}, which in Symbolic mode will
return the formula @samp{sin(5)} to your function.
@end defun
@code{reject-arg} or @code{inexact-result}, @code{normalize} returns
the formula still in symbolic form.
-If the current Simplification Mode is ``none'' or ``numeric arguments
+If the current simplification mode is ``none'' or ``numeric arguments
only,'' @code{normalize} will act appropriately. However, the more
-powerful simplification modes (like algebraic simplification) are
+powerful simplification modes (like Algebraic Simplification) are
not handled by @code{normalize}. They are handled by @code{calc-normalize},
which calls @code{normalize} and possibly some other routines, such
as @code{simplify} or @code{simplify-units}. Programs generally will
If the current angular mode is Degrees or HMS, this function returns the
integer 360. In Radians mode, this function returns either the
corresponding value in radians to the current precision, or the formula
-@samp{2*pi}, depending on the Symbolic Mode. There are also similar
+@samp{2*pi}, depending on the Symbolic mode. There are also similar
function @code{half-circle} and @code{quarter-circle}.
@end defun
@end defun
@defun to-radians-2 a
-Like @code{to-radians}, except that in Symbolic Mode a degrees to
+Like @code{to-radians}, except that in Symbolic mode a degrees to
radians conversion yields a formula like @samp{@var{a}*pi/180}.
@end defun
@defun from-radians-2 a
-Like @code{from-radians}, except that in Symbolic Mode a radians to
+Like @code{from-radians}, except that in Symbolic mode a radians to
degrees conversion yields a formula like @samp{@var{a}*180/pi}.
@end defun
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