Improve performance of `find-buffer-visiting' (bug#66117)

Improve performance of `find-buffer-visiting' (bug#66117)

* src/buffer.c (Fget_truename_buffer): Expose `get_truename_buffer' to
Elisp.
(Ffind_buffer): New subr searching for a live buffer with a given
value of buffer-local variable.
(syms_of_buffer): Register the new added subroutines.
* src/filelock.c (lock_file): Use the new `Fget_truename_buffer' name.
* src/lisp.h:
* test/manual/etags/c-src/emacs/src/lisp.h: Remove no-longer-necessary
extern declarations for `get_truename_buffer'.
* lisp/files.el (find-buffer-visiting): Refactor, using subroutines to
search for buffers instead of slow manual Elisp iterations.

(cherry picked from commit b7a737ef49e787120ea7a7e9f4d4ef04dd1a0723)