Make cl-random behave consistently for unusual arguments (bug#75105)

Make cl-random behave consistently for unusual arguments (bug#75105)

The old behavior was for (cl-random -1.0e+INF) to return NaN in about
one in eight million calls, and -1.0e+INF otherwise.  Other unusual
arguments were handled inconsistently as well.

* lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-extra.el (cl-random): Handle positive finite
arguments consistently, error for nonpositive or infinite arguments.
* test/lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-extra-tests.el (cl-extra-test-random): New
test.

(cherry picked from commit b6cf7c094293589c6180fe5cee7405285d9a545d)