gnus-shorten-url: Improve and avoid args-out-of-range error

gnus-shorten-url: Improve and avoid args-out-of-range error

'gnus-shorten-url' (used by 'gnus-summary-browse-url') ignored
fragment identifiers and didn't check substring bounds, in some cases
leading to runtime errors, e.g.:

  (gnus-shorten-url "https://some.url.with/path/and#also_a_long_target" 40)
  ;; => Lisp error: (args-out-of-range "/path/and" -18 nil)

This commit makes it account for #fragments and fixes faulty string
computation.  (bug#39980)

Do not merge to master, where the helper is put to subr-x.el.

* lisp/gnus/gnus-sum.el (gnus--string-truncate-left): New helper
function (copied from 'ediff-truncate-string-left').
(gnus-shorten-url): Use it and don't drop #fragments.