Simplify and speed up string-to-multibyte

Simplify and speed up string-to-multibyte

* src/character.h (str_to_multibyte):
* src/character.c (str_to_multibyte): Change signature and simplify;
the conversion is no longer done in-place.
* src/fns.c (string_to_multibyte): Drop temporary buffer and memcpy;
adapt to new str_to_multibyte signature.
* src/print.c (print_string): Drop memcpy; adapt call to str_to_multibyte.
* test/src/fns-tests.el (fns--string-to-unibyte): Rename to...
(fns--string-to-unibyte-multibyte): ... this and strengthen, so that
the test covers string-to-multibyte reasonably well.