Fix replace-regexp-in-string substring match data translation

Fix replace-regexp-in-string substring match data translation

For certain patterns, re-matching the same regexp on the matched
substring does not produce correctly translated match data
(bug#15107 and bug#44861).

Using a new builtin function also improves performance since the
number of calls to string-match is halved.

Reported by Kevin Ryde and Shigeru Fukaya.

* lisp/subr.el (replace-regexp-in-string): Translate the match data
using match-data--translate instead of trusting a call to string-match
on the matched string to do the job.
* test/lisp/subr-tests.el (subr-replace-regexp-in-string):
Add test cases.
* src/search.c (Fmatch_data__translate): New internal function.
(syms_of_search): Register it as a subroutine.