Protect against an infloop in python-mode

Protect against an infloop in python-mode

There appears to be an edge case caused by using `syntax-ppss' in a
narrowed buffer during JIT lock inside of Python triple-quote strings.
Unfortunately it is impossible to reproduce without manually
destroying the syntactic information in the Python buffer, but it has
been observed in practice.  In that case it can happen that the syntax
caches get sufficiently out of whack so that there appear to be
overlapping strings in the buffer.  As Python has no nested strings,
this situation is impossible and leads to an infloop in
`python-nav-end-of-statement'.  Protect against this by checking
whether the search for the end of the current string makes progress.

* python.el (python-nav-end-of-statement): Protect against infloop.
* progmodes/python-tests.el
(python-tests--python-nav-end-of-statement--infloop): Add unit test.